Definition and Discussion of Mental Grammar

Mental grammar is the  generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand. It is also known as  competence grammar and linguistic competence. It contrasts with linguistic performance, which is the correctness of actual language use according to a languages prescribed rules.   The concept of mental grammar was popularized by American linguist Noam Chomsky in his groundbreaking work  Syntactic Structures (1957). Philippe  Binder and Kenny Smith noted in The Language Phenomenon how important Chomskys work was: This focus on grammar as a mental entity allowed enormous progress to be made in characterizing the structure of languages. Related to this work is  Universal Grammar, or the predisposition for the brain to learn complexities of grammar from an early age, without being implicitly taught all the rules. The study of how the brain actually does this is called neurolinguistics. One way to clarify  mental  or competence  grammar  is to ask a friend a question about a sentence, Pamela J. Sharpe writes in Barrons How to Prepare for the TOEFL IBT. Your friend probably wont know why  its correct, but that friend will know  if  its correct. So one of the features of mental or competence grammar is this incredible sense of correctness and the ability to hear something that sounds odd in a language. Its a subconscious or implicit knowledge of grammar, not learned by rote. In The Handbook of Educational Linguistics,  William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia note, A central aspect of the knowledge of a particular language variety consists in its grammar—that is, its  implicit  (or tacit or subconscious) knowledge of the rules of pronunciation (phonology), of word structure (morphology), of sentence structure (syntax), of certain aspects of meaning (semantics), and of a  lexicon  or vocabulary. Speakers of a given language variety are said to have an implicit  mental grammar  of that variety consisting of these rules and lexicon. It is this mental grammar that determines in large part the perception and production of speech  utterances. Since the mental grammar plays a role in actual language use, we must conclude that it is represented in the brain in some way.The detailed study of the language users mental grammar is generally regarded as the domain of the discipline of linguistics, whereas the study of the way in which the mental grammar is put to use in the actual comprehension and production of speech in linguistic per formance has been a major concern of  psycholinguistics. (In Monolingual Language Use and Acquisition: An Introduction.) Prior to the early 20th century and previous to Chomsky, it wasnt really studied how humans acquire language or what exactly in ourselves makes us different from animals, which dont use language like we do. It was just classified abstractly that humans have reason, or a rational soul as Descartes put it, which really doesnt explain how we acquire language—especially as babies. Babies and toddlers dont really receive grammar instruction on how to put words together in a sentence, yet they learn their native tongue just by exposure to it. Chomsky worked on what it was that was special about human brains that enabled this learning.

Feminist Theory Of Feminism - 1697 Words

It is no longer a surprise that gender equality continues to be a problem in our society. Although all feminists agree that it is a prominent issue, they have different ways of combating it. Some feminists agree with having a sex/gender distinction, which uses â€Å"sex† as the term to describe biological features and â€Å"gender† as the term to describe the social standings. Due to his distinction, many feminists believe that the social implications, or gender, needs to be changed to achieve equality. Two approaches that aim to change the social implications of gender are the conventionalist approach and the abolitionist approach. These two approaches believe that gender is a completely social product and should be eradicated in order to achieve†¦show more content†¦The existence of men and women are not completely mind-dependent, â€Å"as one does not cease to be a woman (or a man) just by altering one’s social environment† (Mikkola 73). Mikkol a demonstrates this implication by comparing the label of â€Å"woman† with the label of â€Å"US Senator†. â€Å"Woman† and â€Å"US Senator† can both be used as social terms but only â€Å"woman† can be used both as a social term and biological term. For example, just by looking at one’s body, it makes sense to us to evaluate one to be a woman but it is not possible to determine the body to be a US senator (Mikkola 70). Gender terms are commonly interchangeable with sex terms because women are ordinary thought to be human females and men are ordinary thought to be human males. Ordinary social agents does not see gender as a purely social matter and thus a conventionalist approach would be â€Å"unintuitive† because just changing our social environment will not eradicate all the problematic issues of gender. Mikkola also points out that even if conventionalists are able to convince ordinary social agents to view gender as a strictly social construction, it would be hard to pinpoint what and how much social changes is needed to accomplish gender equality (73). Since gender is a hugely complex issue and difficult to be thought as a strictly social production, Mikkola believes that it is strategically better for feminists to come up with an approach that is more contingent with ordinary thinking. Mikkola believesShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pagesinvited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, and race can not be adequately understoodRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1121 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Webster’s dictionary, feminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. In today’s modern world, no matter which end of the political spectrum a person is on, the term can invoke strong feelings - some of which have created a sense of shame or harm associated with the concept. These associations of wrongdoing and radicalism with the theory of feminism and its subsequent movement have existed long before the era of social media activism and selfies;Read MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1766 Words   |  8 Pages Feminism is a fight against oppression, but white supremacy exists within feminist movements, which is an obvious contradiction of the theory. â€Å"The feminist movement has centered on the experiences of White women and dismissed the experiences of Women of Color† (Feenstra, 2017, p. 67). In an article titled, From White Feminism to Intersectional Advocacy: The Development of a White Antiracist Identity, Abby Elizabeth Feenstra, a feminist illuminates her journey to becoming conscious of her whiteRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Theory1301 Words   |  6 PagesWGS 3600: Feminist Theory Frankie Snyder and Jax McMillian Due: 12/10/2015 Feminism is gender liberation Feminism needs to be more broadly defined in terms of gender liberation to encompass individuals from all walks of genders (or nongenders). Separating gender nonconforming issues from feminism is erasive; marginalized gender nonconforming individuals should not be told to fend for themselves and their own rights due to a multitude of oppressions experienced by these individuals (based on the prejudicialRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Theory Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe feminist theory takes the motion of the feminist equal rights movement and transforms it into a theoretical study. This rather new approach explores the status of females and equality activists as well as their role in society relating to others. The feminist theory explains what is relevant to women and the women s movement as well as how definitions are changing over time, whether they are sociological, philosophical, or psychological (Grosz, 2010). As the gender gap closes in our societyRead MoreFeminism A nd The Feminist Theory1942 Words   |  8 Pages2015 Feminist Theory Research Paper Though feminism and the feminist theory are often construed as the same philosophy, the two are related, yet different concepts. Feminism is defined as, â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In turn, a feminist is an individual who believes that men and women should be equal politically, economically, culturally, and socially (Definitions of Branches of Feminist). However, the feminist theory isRead MoreFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender alt ogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreFeminist Theory : The Beginnings Of Feminism1571 Words   |  7 Pages The Beginnings of Feminism â€Å"Feminist theory is an attempt to bring in views from the movement and other female experiences along with research and data information to create new ways to putting an end to female oppression (Kolmar and Bartkowski 12).† Women of all time periods use feminist theory to collaborate together on their real life experiences to come up with ways to make women apart of everyday life. Throughout the different time periods, women have gained more and more power into societyRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such asRead MoreEssay Feminism and feminist social theory 1100 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism and feminist social theory unlike other theoretical perspectives is woman-centered and inter-disciplinary, hence promotes methods of achieving social justice. The feminism and feminist social theory takes into consideration three questions, what of the women? Why is the present social world as it is today? Additionally, how can the social world be changed to make it more just for the women and all people alike? In recent developments, feminist theorists have begun questioning the differences

Its Norml free essay sample

Recent medical experiments have show that cannabis is another form of agony relief, focusing mostly on neuropathic pain. It has been proven that medicinal cannabis has cured or eased the patient’s symptoms of nausea, glaucoma, migraines and spastic movements like Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and seizures. A catastrophic reality is that thousands of patients are denied the use of medicinal cannabis due to marijuana prohibition. It has been shown that smoking marijuana can help those with Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, (ADHD) like symptoms. Patients who anguish from HIV, AIDs or chemotherapy for cancer find it much more pleasing to eat food after using marijuana, as it is a formidable appetite stimulant. Emerging studies show that medical cannabis can lead to sheltering the body of a few types of malignant tumors. Along with preventing a few types of malignant tumors, marijuana can slow other types down as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Its Norml or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now, without medical concerns in mind, let us talk about what does not happen when people do decide to smoke marijuana. Different dosages can affect the awareness and psychomotor functions, which could impair one’s driving ability. Nonetheless, in driving experiments, cannabis shows nearly no car-handling impairment. Smoking increases tentativeness, therefore making it safe to drive a vehicle and operate machinery. Reports show that fatally injured drivers that have Tetrahydrocannabinol, better known as THC, detected in their blood also have high alcohol levels as well. Unlike marijuana, tobacco accounts for more than 400,000 deaths each year, and nearly 50,000 people die from alcohol poisoning each year. Marijuana is nonhazardous and there is no possible way to overdose on this drug. Other examples of smoking cannabis and still capable of doing everyday things, would be a student going to school or an adult going to work. Students and working adults could smoke marijuana and still be able to perform tasks at hand, such things like doing homework, class lessons, talking with clients or composing a major presentation for your company’s owners would become easier due to paying closer attention to details from the vigilance that using marijuana can give you. Say you are feeling particularly down one day, it has been proven that smoking cannabis can change your mood dramatically by making you laugh, giggle, and smile constantly, making your mood happy and carefree while keeping up with everyday tasks. Many people believe that marijuana is a â€Å"gateway drug†, the concept that although, cannabis might not be dangerous, it may and can lead to experimentation with â€Å"harder† drugs like heroin and cocaine. However, this is a myth that has not seemed to go away. Marijuana has not yet been proven to lead users to â€Å"harder† drugs. Other influences such as alcohol may lead it’s users to experiment with harder drugs because they are more than likely to not know what they are doing or may not even be fully aware of the situation. Smoking marijuana will keep you fully aware and vigilant. Under the influence of cannabis a person may be even more paranoid and knowledgeable to the consequences that come with trying these harder drugs. Marijuana is innocuous and cannot kill its users by accidental overdose.

Leading in Healthcare

Introduction Leadership especially in the field of nursing has become an important topic today as healthcare researchers place a lot of emphasis in leadership training (Canadian Nursing Association, 2010). Most researchers (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2004) views leadership as integral in the creation of new health care systems around the world because it ensures there is proper health care delivery and patient management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading in Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The changing health care industry and the rapid changes that have taken place in the health care systems have placed a lot of importance in leadership amongst health care providers (Goodwin, 2006). The changing health care systems have been attributed to the changing social institutions around the world that have been facing transitions since the beginning of industrialization and the introduction of the inform ation technology era (Goodwin, 2006). Therefore, building up leadership capabilities for nurses is very essential to enable them provide proper healthcare in any situation. This paper is a case study on building up leadership capabilities on nurses working in remote area in North Batinah Region in Oman. Background of Nursing Management in Oman The North Batinah Region of Oman which will be our area of focus in this study falls under the Al Batinah Region which is found in the coast of the Gulf of Oman. The area experiences health care shortages in terms of both staff as well as health care facilities to meet the primary health care needs of the citizens in the area. In the North Batinah Region (NBR), there are ten health care institutions located in remote areas that offer a range of medical services such as dental and general health checkups, pre-natal and post natal healthcare, special care services for people with disabilities and dialysis treatment for kidney failure as well as treatments for various other types of illnesses (Alghemini, 2008). These healthcare services are mostly offered by nurses and other health workers within the institution which means that nurses have the most work when it comes to health care service delivery in this region. Accessing these medical facilities and institutions is however a challenge for most residents in this area because the nature of this area is characterised by rough terrain and dry weather.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This, combined with the shortage in health care workers has made it difficult for nurses in NBR health care institutions to perform their duties effectively and efficiently. The role of most nurses within the health care institutions is to address the immediate health care concerns and issues presented by the patients. Because of the infrequent visits made by physicians and specialist docto rs, the nurses have to make the official decision on how the patient will be treated based on whether they have been able to diagnose their condition. Besides, because of the constrained shortage in specialist doctors visiting this region, nurses have added responsibilities and duties of making the right diagnosis at the right time in order to save time. This makes it paramount for nurses to have essential skills in leadership and management in order to empower them to effectively perform these critical roles. It is from this background that this study aims to explore and discuss the various leadership theories and concepts that can be effectively applied in this context in order to empower nurses working in NBR regions with necessary leadership skills that will enable them overcome their present limitations as far as leadership and management of cases is concerned. More specifically this study intends to design and develop an education program that can be used for that purpose in N BR by reviewing similar case studies and literature review of theories that have been proven to be effective in imparting leadership skills among nursing professionals. This education program is primarily aimed at enabling nurses to become better medical decision makers when treating patients. The idea is to create a leadership capability program which will train nurses on how they can take up leadership roles within their health care institutions in NBR. The program will basically be a leadership supported program where the nurses will be assigned to nurse leaders who are based in some of the major hospitals in the Al Batinah region to ensure they have been properly equipped with leadership abilities and skills. The leadership and capability program will contain courses on leadership and management, leadership enhancement within the health care facility, succession plans within the work environment and more specifically leadership roles within the nursing profession.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading in Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed according to Curtis, Sheerin and Varies 2011, â€Å"leadership can be developed through specific educational activities and by modelling and practicing leadership competencies† (347). Justification for leadership capability program for nurses in NBR Nurses have been viewed to be in a position to influence healthcare systems, policies, legislation and delivery of health services while at the same time observing the nursing code (NMC, 2008). Leadership therefore becomes important in exerting the necessary influence to effect such changes within the healthcare systems. Nurse training mostly focuses on how to provide adequate health care to patients seeking medical assistance and also how to operate medical technology. These programs offer very limited training on leadership as the different levels of training for nurses mostly fo cus on administrative procedures and handling medical equipment instead of how to use their positions as nurses for leadership purposes. Staff nurses who work for ten hour shifts in a day have the power and the influence to make changes in their work environment because of the various medical and administrative situations they are exposed to every day of the week (Valentine, 2010; (Swansburg, 2006). For example, in most of the health care institutions in the North Batinah Region they have the power to decide when to call in a physician, choose medical interventions for the patient or decide on which medical plan is appropriate for treating the patient. Such level of responsibility indicates that nurses in NBR can greatly benefit from a leadership program and in the process drastically improve healthcare delivery in this region. Allowing them some autonomy in making healthcare decisions will mean laying a foundation for leadership in nursing; such a nursing leadership capabilities ca n be built by evaluating their nursing decisions based on patient outcome assessment Building leadership capabilities for nurses is important as it helps them to take effective action and make fast decisions when it comes to health care delivery and patient management as we shall see in later section of this paper (Swansburg, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, Hendricks, Cope and Harris (2010) note that it is important to build leadership capabilities in nurses as it helps them to act autonomously within the clinical setting as well as make important decisions at the point of patient service. Building leadership capabilities in nursing is also important because it helps them to develop their professional careers to meet with the goals and objectives of the health care facility. Apart from being effective leaders, nurses who have been equipped with leadership capabilities can be able to act as advocates for patients and other nurses within the work environment. Finally, nursing advocacy in health care institutions is an important aspect of leadership as it reduces the internal and external work pressures in especially for new nurses and other health workers (Swansburg 2006). This justifies the decision to build leadership capabilities for nurses working in remote areas similar to NBR. The concept for leadership capability pro gram for nurses in NBR The need for a leadership capability program for nurses working in NBR was based on an assessment conducted by the Nursing Association in Oman on the need to train nurses on nursing leadership within these health care institutions, the program was scheduled to start in January 2010. The management of the Oman Nursing Association were the main decision making authority on how the leadership development activities would be conducted during the leadership capability program. The building up leadership capability program will involve attaching senior nurses to work with nurse leaders for a period of three months. Through introducing leadership theories as well concept of nursing management to nurses working in remote area will enable them to manage health institutions based on theoretical manner and critical analysis of situations. In this section, this paper will discuss the theoretical framework from which a leadership educational program can be designed that is case specific for nurses in NBR that is based on the unique nature of health facilities in this region. Because of the nursing shortage that exists in the North Batinah Region as well as the lack of doctors and physicians to offer leadership guidance on how to treat patients, the leadership capability program will be an important instrument in addressing these gaps in many of the hospitals and clinics that exist in the area. The use of nurse leaders drawn from the Nursing Association of Oman will ensure that the nurses placed under the program are properly trained on how they can be able to apply leadership skills in the performance of their work duties. The leadership capability program will focus on leadership and management within the health care environment and how nurses can be effective leaders while carrying out the duties that come with their profession. While the program is focused on equipping the nurses with important leadership skills, it does not take away from their o riginal roles which are those of caregivers. Leading in healthcare involves incorporating leadership activities in nursing and healthcare activities to improve the current healthcare systems to better states. Leadership in nursing involves equipping nurses with the necessary skills and knowledge that will enable them to participate in decision making processes related to patient care and patient safety. Leadership in healthcare places a lot of emphasis on nurses to acquire leadership skills that will be used in developing their careers. This is because leading in healthcare requires nurses to seize opportunities that will enable them become leaders as well as influencing their peers towards change. Leadership in healthcare also requires nurses to provide support services especially to new nurses and other health care workers within the healthcare facility. It also requires accountability and the application of the nursing code of ethics during the performance of work activities and duties (Canadian Nursing Association, 201). As nurse training and experience becomes more important in the health industry, healthcare researchers have developed leadership theories that can be used to improve the leadership capabilities of these professionals (Laurent 2000). Generally, there are three main theories that have been postulated to apply in developing nursing leadership; these dynamic leadership, quantum leadership and transformational leadership (Laurent, 2000). Quantum leadership theory Quantum leadership theory is a concept that is derived from quantum physics; it deals with helping nurses or other healthcare professionals to make important medical decisions without the help of physicians or medical doctors (Curtin, 2011). According to Curtin, â€Å"The quantum paradigm basically emphasizes relationships and integration; it is holistic rather than particulate†; it does this by looking at system units as separate entities that are essentially interconnected (Cu rtin, 2011). In building leadership skills among nurses, quantum leadership theory is most suitable as it will enable the nurses to function autonomously within the context of a health institution which in this case is regarded as the system. The essential features of quantum leadership are generally applicable to nursing professionals especially for this case since quantum leaders are characterized by the need to build relationship, are innovative, able to work effectively and independently within a team work and are passionate about functioning as change agents in their work environments. In fact, quantum leadership according to Curtin (2011) is imperative as it â€Å"demonstrates that the only meaningful change comes from the bottom up† (36). Additionally, Valadez and Sportsman (1999) has identified three critical components of quantum leadership theories that set it apart; these are â€Å"(1) the world is unpredictable; (2) the intent of the observer influences how the w orld is seen; and (3) interrelationships are what count, not the things themselves† (209). All these characteristics and principles are essential for nurses working in NBR and would comprise valuable knowledge when incorporated in the proposed leadership program that targets this group of nurses. In summary quantum leadership theory has been identified by various research studies as important in enabling nurses to overcome traditional management shortcomings and in coping within an ever evolving complex healthcare delivery system similar to those experienced by nurses in NBR This is because quantum leadership will enable nurses for instance to make informed decisions such as on the appropriate time to call in a medical physician when it comes to the treatment of the patient. It will also help nurses to weigh the pros and cons of the different medical interventions available in treating patients under great time and resource constraints. The quantum theory therefore equips nurs es with self direction and self reliance skills that enable them function effectively within a larger team work (Hastings, 2002). Indeed, considering the working environment for nurses in North Batinah region, notably because of the rare appearances that physicians make in many of the health facilities within the area, quantum leadership incorporates valuable skills that are essential for nurses to gain in this context. This is because nurses will benefit from leadership skills that will enable them make important medical decisions in the absence of doctors and other specialist physicians (Hastings, 2002). Transformational leadership This is the type of leadership where a leader identifies the processes that are in need of change after which they develop a vision that will be used to guide the change processes. The transformational leadership theory is usually used in motivating the nurses to develop their own leadership criteria as well as their self reliance skills and is meant to initiate changes within the health care industry by encouraging nurses and other healthcare workers to provide feedback to one another. Transformational leadership style entails people management through innovative ways that are aimed at transforming how employee perceives job responsibilities within the organization (Babou, 2008). Thus, in transformational leadership the focus is on inspiring employees beyond their present levels to a selfless level and is a leadership characterized by inspirational type of leaders and increased levels of motivation among employees (Babou, 2008). Transformational leadership will thus empower nurses to evaluate the healthcare systems that are in place within their facilities after which they are allowed to take part in implementing new policies to improve service delivery (Marshall and Coughlin, 2010). Transformational leadership is described by Flesner, Scott-Cawiezell and Rantz (2005) as the ability of a nurse leader to â€Å"transform the envir onment and the culture of a health care organization† in a successful manner that enables the nurse to â€Å"to see, act on, and satisfy followers’ values and motivations in addition to his or her own† (pg 38); this is in fact the main essence of transformational leadership as it relates to the nursing profession. In concept, transformational leadership is a model that is largely founded on the educational background that nurses are imparted with during the four year duration baccalaureate degree which is described as the main component of transformational nurse leaders. This is because a strong educational background provides one with skills such as communication, critical thinking, scientific thinking, assessment as well as the ability to be culturally sensitive (Flesner et al, 2005). According to Welford, (2002); â€Å"using transformational leadership means accepting that things will change from day-to-day basis and that various capabilities will be required † (pg 9). Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2004) also asserts that the nurses are also expected to explore strategic thinking in management so as to provide a basis for critical decision making within the health care environment and also to respond to any health care issue that might arise in the course of performing nursing activities. However, the key features of transformational leaders include the ability to cultivate interpersonal skills based on mutual respect, team building skills, change management and leadership through continuous education and training since most nurses’ works within a team environment (Flesner et al, 2005). There is no doubt that these same characteristics resonates well with the need for having a leadership education program for nurses in NBR and will facilitate the necessary transition needed to make this nurses to acquire transformational leadership skills besides quantum leadership skills. The transformational leadership theory for instance will be beneficial in providing nurses with necessary skills which they can use to deal with the healthcare needs and challenges of their patient. This is because transformational leaders are equipped with change management and critical thinking skills that in this case will enable nurse leaders to manage change through proven approaches; and because transformational nurse leader is motivated to continuously gain new advanced knowledge in their field of work, they are better positioned to provide better care to their patients. More importantly, transformational nurse leaders are overall more resourceful and more able to customize solutions to fit the unique challenges facing them; this will be an invaluable skill for nurses working in NBR. Thus, the use of transformational leadership within the program will equip nurses with these and other skills as discussed above which they can use to develop and implement policies within the healthcare institutions in the North Batinah Region. Trans formational leadership will also be beneficial to this nursing program as the nurses will be taught on how they can effectively manage a medical facility without the help of any doctors, administrative officers or senior managers since they are continuously trained in current knowledge, are creative critical leaders competent in managing situations as they arise both administratively or for purposes of treating patients. This is even more evident when you consider that transformational leadership involves developing the leadership capacity of an entire team within the work environment by invoking the use of motivation and inspiration to achieve the desired results. For these reasons transformational leaders often turns out to be persons who are charismatic, inspirational, motivational and visionary (Welford, 2002). Indeed, current literature indicates that nurses have been able to demonstrate and promote transformational leadership within the context of healthcare facilities mainly because of the general training that nurses receive in college. Nurses are also trained on how to intellectually stimulate themselves and their peers as they perform their professional duties; they are also trained on how to be considerate and humble when treating their patients (Marshall and Coughlin 2010). These qualities are consistent with transformational leadership and further assert that nurses are essentially imparted transformational leadership skills from an early onset. Thus, this training should incorporate the various aspects of transformational leadership as we have discussed especially the essential transformational skills which empower the nurse leader to manage various challenges at health facilities towards improving healthcare. In general therefore the education program should seek to include modules that will train the North Batinah nurses on how they can influence their colleagues within the health institution so that there is effective change within their work environment. Conclusion Leadership today plays an integral role in nursing as it equips nurses with decision making tools that are vital in assessing the healthcare of patients. The leadership education program proposed will enable nurses to learn practical frameworks which they can use to create and sustain superior health care delivery in the clinics and hospitals where they work. The leadership frameworks taught will provide useful techniques that can be used in the effective and efficient delivery of healthcare services to the residents of North Batinah Region. The leadership capability program will also equip the nurses with important tools which they can use to improve the general performance of their work duties. This is because leadership in nursing has continued to gain more prominence over time as more and more nursing programs incorporate leadership skills and theories into their curriculum. The outcome of the leadership program will empower nurses in NBR to engage in act ive decision making which is directly related to the health care of patients and will allow them to develop important policies and procedures which they can use in managing health care situations within the work place. Additionally, the acquired leadership skills will allow nurses to engage in systematic planning of activities within the health care institutions as well as facilitate the implementation of change in health care services. Providing nurses with leadership skills ensures that they are able to manage activities within the healthcare facility in an efficient and effective way. References Alghemini, M. (2008) Professional nursing in Oman. Web. Babou, R. (2008). Transactional Leadership Vs. Transformational Leadership. Web. Canadian Nursing Association (2010) Nursing leadership in a changing world. Web. Cohen. S. L., (2010) Nursing leadership theory. Web. Curtin, L. 2011. Quantum leadership: succeeding in interesting times. Nurse leader, 1: 34-38. Curtis, E. A. Sheerin, F.K . Varies, J.D. 2011. Developing leadership in nursing: the impact of education and training. British Journal of Nursing, 20 (6): 344-352 Daly, J., Speedy, S., and Jackson, D., (2004) Nursing leadership. New South Wales, Australia :Elsevier. Flesner, M., Scott-Cawiezell, J. Rantz, M. 2005. Preparation of nurse leaders in the 21st century workplace. Nurse leader, 1: 37-41. Goodwin, N. 2006. Leadership in healthcare: a European perspective. New York: Routledge. Hasting, J. 2002. Modern nursing and modern physics: does quantum theory contain useful insights for nursing practice and health care management?. Nursing Philosophy, 3: 205- 212. Hendricks, J. M., Cope, V. C., Harris, M. 2010. A leadership program in an undergraduate nursing course in Western Australia: building leaders in our midst.  Nurse Education Today, 30(3): 252-257. Huber, D. 2006 Leadership and nursing care management. Pennsylvania: Saunders Elsevier. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. 2002. The leadership challenge. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Laurent, C. L. 2000. A nursing theory for nursing leadership. Journal of Nursing  Management, 8: 83-87. Marshall, E., and Coughlin, J. 2010. Transformational leadership in nursing: from  expert clinician to influential leader. New York: Springer Publishing Company Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). 2008. The code: standards of conduct,  performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. OK. Swansburg, R. C. 2006. Management and leadership for nurse managers. London,   UK: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc. OK. Valentine, S. O., (2010) Nursing leadership and the new nurse. Web. Valadez, A., Sportsman, S. 1999. Environmental management; Principles from Quantum theory. Journal of Professional nursing, 15. 4: 209-213. Welford, C. 2002. Transformational leadership in nursing: matching the theory to practice. Nursing Management, 9 (4): 7-11. This essay on Leading in Healthcare was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Byrd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Battle of the Atlantic in World War II

Battle of the Atlantic in World War II The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between September 1939 and May 1945 throughout the entirety of  World War II. Commanding Officers Allies Admiral Sir Percy Noble, RNAdmiral Sir Max Horton, RNAdmiral Royal E. Ingersoll, USN Germany Grand Admiral Erich RaederGrand Admiral Karl Doenitz Background With the British and French entrance into World War II on September 3, 1939, the German Kriegsmarine moved to implement strategies similar to those used in World War I. Unable to challenge the Royal Navy in regard to capital ships, the Kriegsmarine began a campaign against Allied shipping with the goal of cutting off Britain from the supplies needed to wage war. Overseen by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, German naval forces sought to employ a mix of surface raiders and U-boats. Though he favored the surface fleet, which would come to include the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz, Raeder was challenged by his U-boat chief, then-Commodore Karl Doenitz, regarding the use of submarines. Initially ordered to seek out British warships, Doenitzs U-boats had early success sinking the old battleship HMS Royal Oak at Scapa Flow and the carrier HMS Courageous off Ireland. Despite these victories, he vigorously advocated for using groups of U-boats, known as wolf packs, to attack the Atlantic convoys that were resupplying Britain. Though the German surface raiders scored some early successes, they drew the attention of the Royal Navy who sought to destroy them or keep them in port. Engagements such as the Battle of the River Plate (1939) and the Battle of the Denmark Strait (1941) saw the British respond to this threat. The Happy Time With the fall of France in June 1940, Doenitz gained new bases on the Bay of Biscay from which his U-boats could operate. Spreading into the Atlantic, the U-boats began attacking British convoys in packs. These multi-ship groups were further directed by intelligence gleaned from the breaking of the  British Naval Cypher No.  3. Armed with the approximate location of an approaching convoy, the wolf pack would deploy in a long line across its anticipated path. When a U-boat sighted the convoy, it would radio its location and coordination of the attack would commence. Once all of the U-boats were in position, the wolf pack would strike. Typically conducted at night, these assaults could involve up to six U-boats and forced the convoy escorts to deal with multiple threats from several directions.    Through the remainder of 1940 and into 1941, the U-boats enjoyed tremendous success and inflicted heavy losses on Allied shipping. As a result, it became known as the Happy Time (Die Glà ¼ckliche Zeit) among the U-boat crews. Claiming over 270 Allied vessels during this period, U-boat commanders such as  Otto Kretschmer, Gà ¼nther Prien, and Joachim Schepke became celebrities in Germany. Key battles in the second half of 1940 included convoys HX 72, SC 7, HX 79, and HX 90. In the course of the fighting, these convoys lost 11 of 43, 20 of 35, 12 of 49, and 11 of 41 ships respectively. These efforts were supported by Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft which aided in finding Allied ships as well as attacking them. Converted from long-range Lufthansa airliners, these aircraft flew from bases in Bordeaux, France and Stavanger, Norway and penetrated deep into the North Sea and Atlantic. Capable of carrying a 2,000-pound bomb load, Condors typically would strike at low altitude in an attempt to bracket the target vessel with three bombs.  Focke-Wulf Fw 200 crews claimed to have sunk 331,122 tons of Allied shipping between June 1940 to February 1941. Though effective, the Condor was seldom available in more than limited numbers and the threat later posed by Allied escort carriers and other aircraft ultimately forced its withdrawal. Guarding the Convoys Though British destroyers and corvettes were equipped with ASDIC (sonar), the system was still unproven and was unable to maintain contact with a target during an attack. The Royal Navy was also hampered by a lack of suitable escort vessels. This was eased in September 1940, when fifty obsolete destroyers were obtained from the United States via the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. In the spring of 1941, as British anti-submarine training improved and additional escort vessels reached the fleet, losses began to lessen and the Royal Navy began sinking U-boats at an increasing rate. To counter improvements in British operations, Doenitz pushed his wolf packs further west forcing the Allies to provide escorts for the entire Atlantic crossing. While the Royal Canadian Navy covered convoys in the eastern Atlantic, it was aided by President Franklin Roosevelt who extended the Pan-American Security Zone nearly to Iceland. Though neutral, the United States provided escorts within this region. Despite these improvements, U-boats continued to operate at will in the central Atlantic outside the range of Allied aircraft. This air gap posed issues until more advanced maritime patrol aircraft arrived. Operation Drumbeat Other elements that aided in stemming Allied losses were the capture of a German Enigma code machine and the installation of new high-frequency direction-finding equipment for tracking U-boats. With the US entry into the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Doenitz dispatched U-boats to the American coast and Caribbean under the name Operation Drumbeat. Commencing operations in January 1942, the U-boats began enjoying a second happy time as they took advantage of unescorted American merchant ships as well as the US failure to implement a coastal black-out. As losses mounted, the U.S. implemented a convoy system in May 1942. With convoys operating on the American coast, Doenitz withdrew his U-boats back to the mid-Atlantic that summer. Through the fall, losses continued to mount on both sides as the escorts and U-boats clashed. In November 1942, Admiral Sir Max Horton became commander-in-chief of the Western Approaches Command. As additional escort vessels became available, he formed separate forces which were tasked with supporting the convoy escorts. As they were not tied to defending a convoy, these groups were able to specifically hunt U-boats. The Tide Turns In the winter and early spring of 1943, the convoy battles continued with increasing ferocity. As Allied shipping losses mounted, the supply situation in Britain began to reach critical levels. Though losing U-boats in March, the Germany strategy of sinking ships faster than the Allies could build them appeared to be succeeding. This ultimately proved to be a false dawn as the tide rapidly turned in April and May. Though Allied losses dropped in April, the campaign pivoted on the defense of convoy ONS 5. Attacked by 30 U-boats it lost thirteen ships in exchange for six of Doenitzs boats. Two weeks later, convoy SC 130 repelled German attacks and sunk five U-boats while taking no losses. The rapid turn in Allied fortunes was the result of the integration of several technologies which had become available in the preceding months. These included the Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar, continued advances in reading German radio traffic, enhanced radar, and the Leigh Light. The latter device allowed Allied aircraft to successfully attack surfaced U-boats at night. Other advances included the introduction of merchant aircraft carriers and long-range maritime variants of the B-24 Liberator. Combined with new escort carriers, these eliminated the air gap. Combined with wartime ship construction programs, such as Liberty ships, these rapidly gave the Allies the upper hand. Dubbed Black May by the Germans, May 1943 saw Doenitz lose 34 U-boats in the Atlantic in exchange for 34 Allied ships. Latter Stages of Battle Pulling back his forces during the summer, Doenitz worked to develop new tactics and equipment. These included the creation of U-flak boats with enhanced anti-aircraft defenses as well as a variety of countermeasures and new torpedoes. Returning to the offensive in September, the U-boats enjoyed a brief period of success before Allied forces again began causing heavy losses. As Allied air power grew in strength, U-boats came under attack in the Bay of Biscay as they left and returned to port. With his fleet being reduced, Doenitz turned to new U-boat designs including the revolutionary Type XXI. Designed to operate entirely submerged, the Type XXI was faster than any of its predecessors. Only four were completed by the end of the war. Aftermath The final actions of the Battle of the Atlantic took place on May 7-8, 1945, just before the German surrender.  In the course of the fighting, Allied losses totaled around 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships, as well as around 72,000 sailors killed. German casualties numbered 783 U-boats and around 30,000 sailors (75% of the U-boat force). One of the most important fronts of the war, success in the Atlantic was critical for the Allied cause. Citing its importance, Prime Minister Winston Churchill later stated: The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome...

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data The approval rating for Congress is abysmally low, and most Americans say they have almost zero faith it can solve our most important problems and view its leaders with severe contempt. But they  also keep re-electing the  same people to represent them in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives  year after year. How can that be? How can an institution be more unpopular than Satan, feel pressure from Americans to set term limits for themselves  yet see 90 percent of its incumbents be re-elected?   Are voters confused? Fickle? Or just unpredictable? And why are approval ratings for Congress so low? Congress Approval Ratings Its no secret that Americans loathe Congress the institution. A majority of voters routinely tell pollsters they dont believe most members of the House and Senate deserve to  be re-elected.  Americans have held the nations legislative branch in low regard for years now, the public-opinion firm Gallup wrote in 2013.   In early 2014, the  portion of people who said the nations lawmakers should win re-election sunk to a low of 17 percent in Gallups survey.  The low approval rating  followed congressional inaction over spending limits and an inability to reach compromise on a number of issues or avoid the government shutdown of 2013. Gallups historical average of Americans supporting re-election for members of Congress is  39 percent.   And yet: Members of Congress have no trouble getting re-elected. Incumbents Are Safe Despite Congress historically abysmal approval ratings, well over 90 percent of House and Senate members who seek re-election win their races on average, according to data published from the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Few things in life are more predictable than the chances of an incumbent member of the U.S. House of Representatives winning reelection, writes the Center for Responsive Politics.  With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats. The same goes for members of the Senate. Why Our Lawmakers Keep Getting Re-Elected There are several reasons lawmakers keep getting re-elected aside from their name recognition and typically well funded campaign coffers. One of the reasons is that its easier to dislike an institution than it is a person, especially when that person is one of your neighbors. Americans can loathe the inability of the House and Senate to reach agreement on things like the national debt. But they find it more difficult to hold their lawmaker solely responsible. The popular sentiment seems to be, as The Washington Posts Chris Cillizza  once put it,  Throw the bums out. But not my bum. Times Are Changing That sentiment - Congress stinks but my representative is OK - seems to be fading, however. Pollsters at Gallup found in early 2014, for example, that a record-low portion of voters, 46 percent, said their own representative deserved re-election. The enduring unpopularity of Congress appears to have seeped into the nations 435 congressional districts, Gallup wrote. While Congress as an institution is no stranger to voter disenchantment, American voters are usually more charitable in their assessments of their own representatives in the national legislature. But even this has fallen to a new trough. Congress Approval Ratings Through History Heres a look at the Gallups organizations numbers by year. The approval ratings shown here are from the public opinion surveys conducted the latest in each year listed. 2016: 18%2015: 13%2014: 16%2013: 12%2012: 18%2011: 11%2010: 13%2009: 25%2008: 20%2007: 22%2006: 21%2005: 29%2004: 41%2003: 43%2002: 50%2001: 72%2000: 56%1999: 37%1998: 42%1997: 39%1996: 34%1995: 30%1994: 23%1993: 24%1992: 18%1991: 40%1990: 26%1989: Not Available1988: 42%1987: 42%1986:  42%1985:  Not Available1984:  Not Available1983: 33%1982: 29%1981: 38%1980: 25%1979: 19%1978: 29%1977: 35%1976: 24%1975: 28%1974: 35%

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing Essay

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing - Essay Example In order to meet consumer requirements and behavior, marketing research is conducted. Marketing Research helps to identify an appropriate marketing mix. Marketing Mix is actually the right combination of product, price, place, and promotion. Such research may either be formal or informal. Behavior that influences a consumer to prefer one brand over another is known as Consumer Behavior. It is all about the choices and preferences of a final consumer. McGraw-Hill/Irwin defined Consumer Behavior as The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Marketers use this knowledge to product design and price determination. Before making a purchase, consumers go through five stages of decision-making process such as; need recognition and problem awareness, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. First of all, the consumer recognizes his need. For example, a need for water in thirst. Then a consumer finds out the options available to meet his deprivation.

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime Dissertation

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime - Dissertation Example Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Evidence and Evaluation 8 Conclusion 14 References 18 Introduction Digital convergence and globalization in the rising knowledge society has increased the complex legal, ethical and societal issues. Now the society is facing difficult and complex questions related to the access to information, right to privacy, cultural diversity and intellectual property rights. For the gathering of information and knowledge, the instrument that is required by all human beings is ICT, and security in this regard should be guaranteed to them as their basic right. However, throughout the world, the rights of humans are violated one way or the other. Violation of these rights has created new problems in the human social system like cybercrime, digital divide, digital security and privacy concerns for all of them. Round the globe, all of this ha s affected the lives of the people directly or indirectly (Sembok, 2003). The computer-related crime such as fraud and forgery is increasing throughout the globe. Other than this, content related offenses like child pornography and violation of intellectual property rights are also emerging rapidly on the scene. Moreover, threats to the critical infrastructure and national interests are rising by using internet for criminal and terrorist activities (Cevidalli, 2010). In the countries where internet is widely used, the harm to businesses, governments, and individuals is gaining scope. However, in other countries, the cybercrime threats are rising on the applications of communication and information technology for healthcare, trade, banking and government services. As a result, the users have started losing the confidence in online transactions and business (Sembok, 2003). Globally, computer-based commerce and communications cut across the territorial boundaries, and create a new real m of human activities, undermining the legitimacy and feasibility of applying geographical boundary laws. The upcoming boundaries in the computer-based world are monitor screen, passwords, firewalls, intruder detection and virus busters. These have created new personalities, organizations, groups and other new forms of economic, social and political groupings in the virtual world of bits (Sembok, 2003). In this paper, we will discuss the types of cyber crimes and the upcoming frauds that are done by them. Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. The paper discusses the effects of cyber crimes on the citizens, businesses, government, and the relevant interventions to deal with it. Literature Review Information technology is influencing life all over the world. The developments in the computer skills have made the transition possible in information storage, dissemination, and processing from atoms to bits. Because of t his the new standards of efficiency, speed, and accuracy in human activities is emerging.  

The Enthalpies of Combustion Essay Example for Free

The Enthalpies of Combustion Essay Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the energy change that occurs when 1 mol of fuel is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. However, it is impossible for substances to be burnt under standard conditions. The enthalpies of combustion are different depending on the number of carbons and hydrogens in each substance. For example, the enthalpy combustion for methane is -890 kJ mol-1, however the enthalpy change of combustion for ethane or propane will be greater because more bonds are involved and therefore more bonds are broken and made. All combustion reactions are exothermic because energy is given out to make bonds. Figure 1: Exothermic reaction Before you start doing calculations for enthalpy change of combustion you firstly need to balance the equation. For example: Methane CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2H2O (g) + CO2 (g) Also it is important to note when making a combustion reaction balanced equation that the state symbols for all the substances are gaseous even water. Moreover, it is only in a combustion reaction that you use halves in an oxygen molecule. An example for octane is: C8H12 (g) + 12.5O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (g) Method for the enthalpy of combustion for various alcohols 1. Set up a tri pod and place tiles around it. 2. Fill up a metal calorimeter with 200 cm3 of water and place on the tri pod. Also, place a thermometer on the container. 3. Record the reading on the thermometer of the temperature of the water. 4. Weigh the spirit burner containing the alcohol you are going to use and again record the reading. 5. Place the spirit burner containing the alcohol under the tri pod and quickly as possible take the lid off and light a match on it. 6. Wait till you will see a 15 degree increase on the thermometer. 7. When you see a 15 degrees increase, place the lid back on the alcohol and stir the water well with the thermometer until you see there is no change in temperature. 8. Weigh the alcohol and record the reading. Also record the reading of the temperature after it has increased. 9. Repeat steps 1-8 for all different alcohols. Results obtained from experiment Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Enthalpy change of combustion (kJmol-1) 379.80 1071.23 1332.62 1715.82 2110.04 Enthalpy change of combustion = (1/moles of alcohol burned) x enthalpy released during the ex. True results of alcohols that should be obtained Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Enthalpy change of combustion (kJmol-1) -890.30 1559.70 2219.70 2876.50 3509.10 From the results I obtained I can make a conclusion that the results were not very close to the true, this is because the experiment could not done under standard conditions like the other and therefore because of that some heat was lost to the surrounding. While I was carrying the experiment I realised that a black substance began to form underneath the colorimeter (container where the water was put in and heated up) which was carbon, meaning there was incomplete combustion. This therefore effected the results I obtained because the combustion experiment was not complete. Evaluation Experimental errors In any experiment, errors are made which are unavoidable. We can work out the errors of the equipments that were used in the experiment to find out which has the most effect. It is then best to convert these errors in to percentages because it is easier to see which has the most effect on your results and which has the least percentage error. Percentage error = error / reading x 100. A balance has a precision error of 0.005. Next I will turn it to a percentage error. The balance was used to weigh the spirit burners of the 5 alcohols before using it in the experiment and after it was used to heat the water up. Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Initial mass of spirit burner / g 198.56 188.80 180.66 212.75 189.62 Percentage error/ % 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Final mass of spirit burner / g 197.41 188.16 180.09 212.08 189.08 Percentage error / % 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 Looking at the results above for the percentage errors, I can conclude that the balance did not effect the results I obtained as it gave me a small percentage error that was less than 1%. This ensures me that the measurements of the spirit burners that I obtained using the weighing balance where very accurate. Procedural errors * A thermometer was placed on the colorimeter and when reached to 500c and recorded the highest temperature by siring until there was no increase in temperature. * Keep lid on spirit burner to endure the alcohol did not evaporate to obtain a accurate measurement of the mass of alcohol combusted. * Draft exclusion made using insulating tiles. This is so less heat and temperate near the spirit burner that is lighted is relatively kept constant and not effected by air coming from window or heat from radiator.

Anylasis of Humbert :: essays research papers

Humbert Humbert   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humbert Humbert in the book Lolita is the type of person who will do anything to satisfy his needs. When Humbert is institutionalized in an insane asylum he toys with the doctors. Once he got to a certain age Humbert felt like he needed to get married to suppress his sexual desires, so he did. Later on Humbert realizes the only way he can be with Lolita is by marrying her mother, Charlotte. After Hubert loses his control on Lolita he gets the need to get revenge on the person who has taken Lolita from him. A person can grow up into being a very needy person or someone who always needs to be in control by how they are raised and their surroundings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second instance of Humbert goes into a mental asylum he manipulates the doctors making them believe false diagnoses. He gets a certain joy from tricking the doctors. Humbert describes the joy: â€Å"I discovered there was an endless source of robust enjoyment in trifling with psychiatrists: cunningly leading them on; never letting them see that you know all the tricks of the trade, inventing for them elaborate dreams†¦ teasing them with fake primal scenes†¦ (Nabokov 34) He goes to certain extremes to satisfy his wants. Humbert goes as far as bribing a nurse so he can see that the doctors were misdiagnosing him. This back and forth with the doctors was nothing more than a game for Humber. This type of control was making him really happy so he decided to stay even longer than he needed to at the insane asylum. â€Å"The sport was so excellent, in results in my case so ruddy that I stayed on for a whole month after I was quite well. And then I added another week just for the pleasure of taking on a powerful newcomer.† (Nabokov 34)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once he became a young adult Humbert knew that he needed to repress his sexual desires for young nymphets so he married Valeria. When he married Valeria, she was a very young looking polish girl. This way he was able to be with someone that reminded him of nymphets and still able to have a certain sense of security. â€Å"†¦what really attracted me to Valeria was the imitation she gave of a little girl.† (Nabokov 25) Humbert didn’t really love her he was just using her for her young looks.

A synthesis and discussion of Robert T. Jimenez’s article “A delicate balance”

The challenge for every ESL class teacher is to build literacy, develop written expression ability and enhancing English language of students. The article describes effective reading instruction for ESL students based on observations conducted in various classrooms over a period of two years.The approach to the observation and the framework for analysis were based on (a) the research on second language learning and bilingual education, (b) the contemporary research base on effective literacy instruction, and (c) general principles of effective instruction for low-income students.The researchers integrated these three knowledge bases with what they observed in the classrooms and the result is a framework of constructs for effective instruction for language minority students. This construct consists of the following: challenge, involvement, involvement, success, scaffolding/cognitive strategies, mediation/feedback, collaborative/cooperative learning, techniques for second language acqu isition/sheltered English, and respect for cultural diversity.These constructs, according to the researchers, are useful when considering practices and strategies in teaching and promoting literacy among ESL students. For instance, knowledge on scaffolding when introducing new vocabulary to ESL students would increase retention and subsequent use of these new words.Instead of simply defining a word, the teacher could use several of the techniques mentioned in the article like focusing students’ attention on character clues and using these clues not just in understanding the new word but comprehension of the text, too. The variety would make vocabulary learning an enjoyable experience for students.Another example by which the research could be applied and make a difference in real-life teaching is the idea that the teacher should try to incorporate all areas of literacy instruction while using one text lesson. The article indicates that the teacher should crisscross the instru ctional landscape in a wide range of oral and written activities. This would ensure that students not only thoroughly practice their language and literacy skills, but keeping the focus on one text would increase the chance of retention.

Rang de Basanti Notes

* Rang de Basanti * â€Å"You Pakistani† scene. Police bribed. Extreme nationalism – no western music, dancing, etc. * Mother figure, mother India * Around 30 mins, say what is there to be patriotic about? Corrpution, population, etc. But fighter pilot says no country is perfect, I’m still willing to give my life for my country. * Karan – college kid, pressure from father. Every second someone is born in this country, no one cares about them. Neither government nor God. Do something or else you will be one of them. â€Å"SMS generation† * Don’t take film seriously at first, make fun of the language.Different times, say they can’t relate. * Aslam – Muslim, with Hindu friends. Family portrayed as violent, hating Hindus because Muslims are not accepted in India. * Sue is disappointed that India is not the romantic country she thought it was? * They had found new heroes, and we had no one to blame but ourselves. We were hearing the echoes of our own guns. Scene of the Amritsar massacre. Men, women, children fired upon by Dyer’s armyas they tried to escape, women with babies jumping in wells. Boys say we are like ants, taking everything lying down/not reacting.Mom says this generation lacks will to do anything – someone part of the massacre went all the way to London to kill Dyer. Punjab families send at least one son to army, sacrifice runs in blood – militant portrayal of Punjabs? * Friends scene – saying maybe Ashfaq should go to Afghanistan, he will be safe with â€Å"his own†. Friend asks why am I not one of your own? First friend asks for forgiveness, it is as much your country as it is mine. * Not terrorists, revolutionaries. Tortured, but did not break. McKinley had a problem with the torture, Bismil said it is not your fault – you are just doing your duty. Went to Ashfaq, said Bismil will create a country for Hindus. He said no, this is for the freedom on Hindu stan, but you wouldn’t understand because you’ve been a slave to that kind of thought for so long. * Did revolutionaries give their lives for nothing? One leg in future, one leg in past. Why don’t you do something to change it? Difference is how you go to the grave. * A woman’s place is at her husband’s feet – laughed at. * Drastic measures. Takes a loud noise to open deaf ears. Hunger strikes in prison. * He got his 21 gun salute at his funeral.But was it in vain? Died with his country’s flag. Saved many lives by not crashing it into the city. Corruption scandal. * Laxman’s realization might mirror what young nationalists found at that time? Saw leader of his movement doing nothing, when they supposedly fought for India. Innocent people were getting hurt aran has finally found his cause. â€Å"waking up† * Colonial legacies – left one behind for another? Cycle. * Class struggles – Sukhi says Karan’s father will just bail him out. Accuses him of knowing that his father was corrupt. * Moral superiority.Bond over common cause, all rivals/problems are overcome * Change from within * Divisive/polarizing figure – some say don’t take the law into your own hands, others praise as the right thing to do when politicians control the law * Revolutionary vs. terrorists * Why didn’t the boys join politics, army, police, etc. to change the way that Ajay said to? * 1: people who go to their grave screaming. 2: people who die without a sound. Third kind of people he came across as being the ones who embraced death as a friend and an equal, with a heartfelt laughter

10 high-paying trucking jobs hiring right now

10 high-paying trucking jobs hiring right now Do you yearn to spend your days on the open road with nothing but your thoughts and the roar of the engine? Then you must be a born trucker. However, deciding to become a pro trucker is just the first set in the decision-making process. Now you have to decide what kind of trucker to be. After all, you’ll want to make sure you land in the right spot in this surprisingly complex industry so that you can maximize your earning potential and your job satisfaction. Here’s a list of some of the highest-paying trucking jobs out there right now.1. Tanker HaulerTanker trucks are those big machines that haul liquid such as water or gasoline. You’ll need to get your CDL endorsed to do this particular job, which can be both difficult and dangerous since liquid cargo can be unstable. However, it is one of the highest paying trucking jobs- fuel tanker drivers earn as much as $70,000 per year. Consider the extra training and certification as an investment in your career.2. Hazma t DiverLike tanker hauling, hauling hazardous materials is another way to up your game. Get your CDL endorsed for this skill and you can widely increase the number of tanker hauls you’re eligible to do. Endorsing your CDL means you have access to a specialized (and lucrative) category of jobs. Hazmat drivers are also guaranteed a minimum of $1,000 a week after a year of experience according to RoadMaster.com.3. Oversized Load HaulerYou need a special license and special training to haul extra large loads such as heavy machinery, but, again, driving wide or oversized loads will mean you’ll be paid more. According to WideLoadShipping.com, oversized load truckers earn between $53,125 and $90,000 on average. You might even earn six figures if you’re willing to sacrifice some home time and work extra hard.4. Ice Road TruckerWhen it comes to trucking, no one earns more than ice road truckers. These are the brave souls who deliver their loads over pure ice. It’s an extremely dangerous career, but it is also extremely well paid- AOL Jobs reports that some ice road truckers earn up to $250,000 for just two months of icy-season work.5. Transport DriverHauling junked cars, specialty vehicles, or luxury cars will earn you more than the standard cargo. Transport drivers earn about $53,000 a year on average.6. Team DriverTeam drivers hook up with others to go twice as far, twice as fast. You won’t get a lot of breaks outside of the truck in this field, but you will make amazing time- and money. The average team truck driver makes $50,000 per year.7. OTR DriverSpecialize in long hauls from coast to coast and you’ll be sure to earn a good living. OTR, or â€Å"Over the Road,† drivers do daunting work and must be 21 or older to score gigs, but at a starting annual salary of $40-45,000 per year according to RoadMaster.com, the pay is great.8. InstructorNot every job in the trucking industry involves actual trucking. Instructors t each others how to do this specialized work while still being able to go home every night. They earn between $22,500 and $51,800 a year according to PayScale.com.9. RecruiterIf you’d rather just get paid to send other guys out on the road, you should consider becoming a recruiter. According to GlassDoor.com, the national average salary is a very enticing $50,000 a year for this comparatively low-effort career.10. Owner/OperatorWould you rather be your own boss? Well, owning a trucking company may sound like a great job, though there are numerous expenses to consider. Nevertheless, you’re still likely to end up earning a lot more than the drivers who actually have to lug their loads across the country. Indeed.com estimates that the average owner/operator makes an average annual salary of $141,000. That’s not bad for playing with trucks!

Sea Sponges Facts

Sea Sponges Facts When you look at a sponge, the word animal  might not be the first that comes to mind, but sea sponges are animals. There are over 6,000 species of sponges; most live in the marine environment, although there are also freshwater sponges. Natural sponges have been used by humans to clean and bathe with for at least 3,000 years. Sponges are classified in the phylum Porifera. The word Porifera  comes from the Latin words porus (pore) and ferre (bear), meaning pore-bearer. This is a reference to the numerous pores or holes on a sponges surface. It is through these pores that the sponge draws in water from which it feeds. Fast Facts: Sponges Scientific Name: PoriferaCommon Name: SpongeBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Various species range from under a half inch to 11 feet in lengthWeight: Up to approximately 20 poundsLifespan: Up to 2,300 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Oceans and freshwater lakes the world overPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: One species is classified Least Concern; most are Not Evaluated. Description Sponges come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Some, like the liver sponge, look like a low-lying crust on a rock, while others can be taller than humans. Some sponges are in the form of encrustations or masses, some are branched, and some look like tall vases. Sponges are relatively simple multi-celled animals. They do not have tissues or organs like some animals do; rather, they have specialized cells to perform necessary functions. These cells each have a job. Some are in charge of digestion, some reproduction, some bringing in water so the sponge can filter feed, and some are used for getting rid of wastes. The skeleton of a sponge is formed from spicules which are made of silica (a glass-like material) or calcareous (calcium or calcium carbonate) materials, and spongin, a protein that supports the spicules. Sponge species may be most readily identified by examining their spicules under a microscope. Sponges do not have a nervous system, so they dont move when touched.   Placebo365/Getty Images   Species There are an enormous number of species in the phylum Porifera, broken into five classes: Calcarea (Calcareous sponges)Demospongiae (Horny sponges)Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)Homoscleromorpha (Includes about 100 species of encrusting sponges)Porifera incertae sedis (Sponges whose classification has not yet been defined) There are over 6,000 formally described sponge species, measuring from under a half inch to 11 feet. The largest sponge discovered to date was found in Hawaii in 2015, and has not yet been named. Habitat and Distribution Sponges are found on the ocean floor or attached to substrates such as rocks, coral, shells, and marine organisms. Sponges range in habitat from shallow intertidal areas and coral reefs to the deep sea. They are found in oceans and freshwater lakes throughout the world. Diet and Behavior Most sponges feed on bacteria and organic matter by drawing water in through pores called ostia (singular: ostium), which are openings through which water enters the body. Lining the channels in these pores are collar cells. The collars of these cells surround a hair-like structure called a flagellum. The flagella beat to create water currents. Most sponges also feed on small organisms that come in with the water. There are also a few species of carnivorous sponges that feed by using their spicules to capture prey such as small crustaceans. Water and wastes are circulated out of the body by pores called oscula (singular: osculum). Reproduction and Offspring Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs through the production of egg and sperm. In some species, these gametes are from the same individual; in others, separate individuals produce eggs and sperm. Fertilization occurs when the gametes are brought into the sponge by currents of water. A larva is formed, and it settles on a substrate where it becomes attached to the rest of its life. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding, which happens when a part of a sponge is broken off, or one of its branch tips is constricted, and then this small piece grows into a new sponge. They may also reproduce asexually by producing packets of cells called gemmules. Threats In general, sponges arent very tasty to most other marine animals. They can contain toxins, and their spicule structure probably doesnt make them very comfortable to digest. Two organisms that eat sponges though are hawksbill sea turtles and nudibranchs. Some nudibranchs will even absorb a sponges toxin while it eats it and then uses the toxin in its own defense. Most of the sponges have been evaluated by the IUCN, as Least Concern. RainervonBrandis/Getty Images Sponges and Humans The modern plastic sponge in our kitchens and bathrooms are named after natural sponges, living animals which were harvested and widely used as long ago as the 8th century BCE as implements for bathing and cleaning, as well as in medical practices such as assisting in healing and to cool or warm or comfort a body part. Ancient Greek writers such as Aristotle (384–332 BCE) suggested the best sponge for such tasks was one that is compressible and squeezable but not sticky, and holds great quantities of water in its canals and expels it out when compressed.   You can still buy natural sponges in health food stores or on the Internet. Artificial sponges were not invented until the 1940s, and long before that, commercial sponge harvesting industries developed in many areas, including Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida. Sources Brusca Richard C. and Gary J. Brusca. Phylum Porifera: the sponges. Invertebrates. Cambridge, MA: Sinauer Press, 2003. 181–210.Castro, Fernando, et al. Agalychnis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55843A11379402, 2004.  Ã‚  Coulombe, Deborah A. The Seaside Naturalist. New York: Simon Schuster, 1984.Denoble, Peter. The Story of Sponge Divers. Alert Diver Online, 2011.Hendrikse, Sandra and Andrà ©Ã‚  Merks, A. Sponge Fishing in Key West and Tarpon Springs, American Sponge Diver, 2003Martinez, Andrew J. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. New York: Aqua Quest Publications, Inc., 2003.UCMP. Porifera: Life History and Ecology. University of California Museum of Paleontology.Wagner, Daniel, and Christopher D. Kelley. The Largest Sponge in the World? Marine Biodiversity 47.2 (2017): 367–68.  Voultsiadou, Eleni. Sponges: An Historical Survey of Their Knowledge in Greek Antiquity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87.6 (2007): 1757 –63. Print.

Toys and gender role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toys and gender role - Essay Example All of the items designated for girls are grouped together, all of the items for boys can be found in the same location, and items that are considered unisex, such as bicycles, sporting equipment and boardgames, can be located usually in the back of the store or in an aisle that runs perpendicular to the others. These gender-designated aisles often stick out from one another due to the colors of the packages that the toys are in. Girls’ toys are dominantly packaged in pink, though purple is also seen quite often. These aisles appear soft in color and more sweet and appealing to little girls. Boys’ toys are usually packed in blue, with red being the second most-seen color. The boys’ aisles are more loud and solid, easily catching the attention of the young male population. The colors of the packages seem to speak for themselves in regard to what little girls and boys are assumed to be. The pink would suggest that girls are more delicate and innocent, while the blu e reveals that boys are more tough. There is definitely a contrast of femininity and masculinity between how the toys are packaged based on gender. Furthermore, the color pink has long since been determined to be the color for females, while blue has been determined the color for males. Pink tends to be the dominating color for most things for girls, including clothes, school supplies, and their toys, just as blue is the dominating color for most of the things that boys would use.

Fieldwork observation report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fieldwork observation report - Assignment Example In order to ensure that the learners grasp the knowledge the teacher asked both oral and written questions some were simple while others were a bit complex. As a professional the teacher was very kin on the way he was handling the pupil’s answers. Whenever a pupil gave the correct answer, he would personally appreciate him and request the pupils in helping him to do so by applauding. However what pleased most is that the teacher did not refute wrong answers whenever the student gave a wrong answer, the teacher would commend the attempt made and encourage the pupils to make the necessary improvement then proceed to ask another pupil to correctly solve the sum or do it by himself. In conclusion this was a very interactive class. A part from giving all students equal treatment, the teacher effectively used verbal and non verbal communication skills to teach. At the same time he carefully handled the pupils’ answers in the best manner he could. This was quite

Car pooling scheme is effective argue against this statement Essay

Car pooling scheme is effective argue against this statement - Essay Example While there seem to be many advantages to it, huge list of disadvantages also make it highly inconvenient for lot of people. The paper would primarily be discussing those shortfalls of carpooling. One of the most important disadvantages is that it considerably restricts the freedom of choice of the people who are part of carpooling arrangement. People can only move back and forth between two travel points which adversely impacts on their independence. Punctuality is of paramount importance because others are also involved who cannot afford to be late because of one person. Their temporary or sudden change of travel plans cannot be accommodated within the arrangement that leaves the person with the inconvenience of finding or using alternate mode of transport at short notice. Indeed, the emergency situations in such plans are not included, which can happen anytime and anywhere. In fact, it totally fails to address this aspect for individual cases. Another important issue is that of pr ivacy of individuals. The people have to sacrifice their personal space and accommodate with the eccentricities of others. They also cannot have confidential conversation on their mobile or include their relation or friend in the arrangement at short notice. Some people also have peculiar habit or habits that they do not like others to know.

Supply chain management of Nestle

Supply chain management of Nestle Supply chain management has gaining its importance in serving business operations and being part of strategic management of the business. Its role has been shifted from being a support department to being the core department of business with strategic importance and role to play in overall operations of the business. In modern business world no organization can sustain without having a well established, effective and efficient supply chain management. The role of vendors along with vendor management with the introduction of information technology is important consideration for organizations. Now with increase of strategic importance of supply chain management the service provider is now becoming a partner to the organization, rather being just the vendor. The factor influencing competitive advantage of the organization is now having the better vendor management and vendor relations in the list. Therefore in coming years the importance of supply chain management is expected to increase with the increase in competition and globalization. To understand the strategic supply chain management, key concepts and use of information technology to maintain the vendor relationships, this report in presented on one of the leading FMCG company Nestle. Their products range is wide and the concentration of this report is on organizations Pakistan operations. Since Pakistan is the part of their global supply chain operations but for their milk products they have to rely on the local milk suppliers who are not very much educated and well equipped. Therefore managing them is a challenge for the organization and same challenge and its handling is under study in this report. There are some recommendations also given at the end so that improvements can be made in local supply chain. Assignment 2a 2ai) Current Supply Chain Strategies in Nestle In these lines I shall be looking at the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operation and would not be discussing the global supply chain management of the organization. The organization has remarkable production facilities in the country and they have also enjoyed the healthy market share for last few decades. One of the reasons of the success of the organization is their vendor management and the intelligent distribution system. The market in Pakistan is mostly dependent upon the distribution network and same has been managed by the organization in recent years by having excellent relationship with their channel members and logistics. Their distribution network makes sure that every product is distributed in the required areas at the required time and the demand and supply does not have any gap. Their distribution setup is synced with their production system therefore they do not have to manage the inventory of the product for the longer period of time. This strategy has saved the organization on financial side moreover they have been able to provide the product to the market at demand (Hugos, 2006). The second side of their supply chain management is their vendor management, they have applied the just in time management concept in their raw material procurement and vendors are very well synced with the procurement and procurement is synced with the production and other support departments. This just in time management has also saved the organization the inventory management cost of the raw material and they are able to maintain a very low level of the inventory. Their vendor are also required to make sure that their raw material reaches to the organization on time (Hugos, 2006). 2aii) Use of IT to Maintain Vendor Relationships The information technology is serving organization to manage their business operations in different ways; the same concept can also be applied to manage vendor relationships with Nestle Pakistans operations. The organization can design a procurement network that is integrated with the various departments of the organization. And the procurement department can have information technology based application that are also integrated with the systems of the vendors and are automated. By using this system organization have the concept of just in time management applied in full spirit and the vendors will also be aware of the production schedules of the organization and they will be able to plan their delivery and their own production planning according (Hugos, 2006). The above mentioned scenario will make it easy and convenient for the vendors to do business with the organization and they will have better relationships with the organization and will continue to do business with them. With having these relationships with the organization they will be able to be partners of the company. Assignment 2b 2bi) Assistance of IT in Supply Chain The use of information technology can assist a great deal in the management of supply chain in case of Nestle Pakistan operations. In the global supply chain nestle is making use of supply chain management tools that are support by latest technology available. These tools are able to integrate different parts of the supply chain that includes the just in time management of raw materials, automation of order generation to vendors and the logistics of raw material from vendor to warehouse and the distribution of the finished goods to the different channels (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Previously all the above mentioned parts of the supply chain were disintegrated or in some organization these parts were partially integrated. Now information technology has made is possible and easy to manage all these parts of the supply chain from one terminal and more over these parts and integrated with more automation. Example of this integration is simple, once the inventory level reaches to the pre defined minimum for the raw material at the production facility, then the order management system which is connected to the inventory management system, automatically generated order to the pre defined vendors. The order receiving systems of vendors are connected with the procurement systems of the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). After the vendor is intimated, they manage to supply the required stuff and required quantity to organizations warehouse which is already intimated for the order delivery. All this process is done via an integrated system which is called ERP. The application of these information technology tools make the organization able to save their time and management resources and make the vendor the partners of the organization above all this usage of IT bring automation in the processes which is the requirement of production oriented organizations (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2bii) Effectiveness of IT in Management of Supply Chain in Nestle When we talk about the effectively using the information technology in the Pakistan market with local vendors that we see that our case company has been able to improve a lot in recent years. Since the market of Pakistan is still in developing phase and the modern management and information technology practices are yet to be adapted in this market. Since Nestle for their business require a team of vendors that are able to provide the timely supplies therefore they had to work hard to induct the modern practices in their supply chain in relation the market conditions (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Apart from the current IT tools to help the organization gain the best out of their supply chain management, there is a function in which information technology and its use can play an important part in the management of business, and which is still to be explored. This area is related to the supply chain management of their milk products. For their milk brand which is called MILK PAK they need to collect he milk from far and village areas of the market as the milk production is mostly done in the rural areas of Pakistan. Their milk collection process is done on daily basis and it is still on manual basis. There can be use of information technology by using this they can maintain the data base of their milk vendors which are small, geographically distributed and dispersed in locations. Moreover they can also use information technology to locate their collection van using global positioning systems and install trekkers in them so that they can make sure the safety of the milk and the vans . Assignment 2c 2ci) Role of Logistics in Supply Chain Logistics has an important role to play in the overall supply chain management of any organization. Logistics are the activities that are designed to keep the good or services moving from one destination to the other destination. This movement of goods or services can be related to the raw material need for production setup, and its movement would be from vendor premises to the organizational premises and this movement can also be related to movement of finished good from organizational production facility to the channel member facility. In overall management of supply chain the logistics part has its own importance. Since the production oriented business is all about timing. If the raw material is not available to the production facility then the whole production cycle will get disturbed and similarly if the finished good are not reached to the channel members then they will not be able to distribute it on time and the result will be the complete failure of the business plan (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Consideration for any organization would be to have the logistics setup planned and implemented that is consuming less cost of operations more over which is integrated with the supply and demand channels of the organization. Ability to design such logistics setup helps the organization to achieve their supply chain objectives with putting minimum cost to it. The success of any supply chain management is dependent upon the design of logistics, the smarter the design which is able to serve maximum in minimum cost the better the performance of supply chain roles will be. Focus of our case organization is to design the global logistics channel that is able to satisfy the global business needs in minimum costs. And they have been able to handle this challenge smartly (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). 2cii) Evaluation of Procurement Practices in Nestle Procurement practices in Nestle global as well as Nestle Pakistan are streamlined and working on the smarter management concepts. It would not be wrong to say that one of the success factors for their profitability in the Pakistan is their vendor relations and smart procurement. Nestle Pakistan has to procure different good and services from different kinds of vendor for their operations; these good ranges from the raw material for their finished good as well as the supplies for the support departments like marketing. The overall philosophy of Nestle Pakistan procurement is to focus on quality as well as business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). When we talk about the milk product of the case company then we see that the procurement of the milk from different villagers that are spread across Pakistan is a challenge and the organization has been able to cater to this challenge very well. The important factor in the procurement of the raw milk is to make sure that milk is pure, hygienic and fresh. These things are made sure by designing a well established vendor network that is responsible for the procurement of fresh milk upon the above mentioned properties (Hugos, 2006). Their procurement department has select the reliable and quality vendors that includes small to medium sized diaries that provides the quality milk to the company. Their procurement department also makes sure that the milk is fresh, hygienic and above the standards defined by the organization. Their logistics have made sure that the fresh milk reaches to the production facility on daily basis. The same care and quality consciousness have been practiced in other procurement tasks, and in short we can say that procurement processes at the organization are of high standards (Hugos, 2006). 2ciii) Factors for Improvement in Logistics Procurement There are several factors that are to be considered when organizations go for reviewing and improving their logistics and procurement. The first factor that is to be taken care of is the bargaining power of the suppliers. The higher the bargaining power of supplier the higher will be the requirement for the organization to maintain and build good relationships with their suppliers. In industries where such power is with suppliers organizations have to design their procurement process which is supplier friendly and encourages the organizations to have good friendly relationships with their vendor, focusing on making them their partners in business and getting the competitive edge out of it (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second factor which is to be taken into consideration is the cost factor, the procurement and logistics can be costly to the organization if not designed creatively. The logistic are costly when their inbound and outbound management is not done the way to maximize the productivity. Therefore when organization design the procurement and logistics process they should keep in mind the cost of procuring the goods and service along with the distribution cost of the good should be minimum. These costs include the time and resources costs as well. Another important consideration is related to the integration of procurement and logistics with rest of the business operation. Organization when improving these processes should also make it sure that the maximum integration is possible with other departments like production. They should be working on the automation of the processes that should be managed by single hub. This way the costs of operations will be minimum and automation and integration of all the operations will save time and increase efficiency in the business processes. They should also make sure that integration also include the vendors (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Assignment 2d 2di) Strategy for the Improvement of Supply Chain Presented below is the brief overview about the strategy that can be used to improve the supply chain management of the organization. The focus of the strategy to improve the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operations. While reviewing this strategy it should be kept in mind that Pakistan is developing country and their vendor management and logistics operations are being run on old school management. The mentioned below point are focusing on vendor management and to increase the use of information technology to bring overall improvement (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). First of all the organization should work on the vendor relationship management, up till now the balance of power was with the organizations in Pakistani market, but with the introduction of global economy and open market more players are entering into Pakistan and now the importance of vendors is increasing. Keeping this view in mind the Nestle should be working on increasing the organization and vendor integration and they should be made partners in business. This can be done via having automation and integration with vendor systems and simply keeping them motivated to be partners with the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second improvement which is required is to start the use of information technology in their supply chain management processed. Up till now the organization is using the information technology internally but they have to move out and make their vendor also use this tool. One can argue that currently vendors are not that advance in using technologies but I would say that organization would have to educate their vendors and make them part of their organizational process, this way they will be able to achieve the true partnership with their suppliers and the operations of supply chain will improve a great deal (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2dii) Benefits of Improvement to Business Operations The improvements suggested above have different benefits to the organizational business operations, these benefits ranges from operation to strategic benefits. The first benefit that organization will have is that they will have a strategic competitive advantage by partnering with the suppliers of the raw material of their products. The business era is changing the market and now other players are also entering into the same market, now the competitive advantage will be with the organizations which have strategic partnership with their suppliers as well. The increases in competition have also made the suppliers aware of their important role and they are also feeling the shifting balance of power. So it will be advisable to make the partnership before others do (Hugos, 2006). The second improvement is related to the use of information technology in supply chain management and it has many benefits for the organization. First of all the organization will be able to achieve the integration between different departments playing their part in value chain. Once this is done it will save time and financial resources to the organization as the processes will be streamlined and efficiency will increase. The second benefit of the IT usage will be that vendors and suppliers can also be made part of the organizational processes and with that supply chain overall and procurement processes in specific will be improved. This will again help the organization to get business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). The third benefit is related to distribution part of supply chain, organization will, with the usage of information technology, have the most streamlined distribution network when they have partnered with their channel members, and this will also help in the improvement of business. 2diii) Overcoming the Barriers to Change in Improvement Strategy Whenever there is a strategic change barriers are always there. These barriers are to be removed with the creation of understanding and delegation. The first process is to make the management understand that what are the benefits of the new strategy advised for the strategic change in supply change management. More over the management will also be informed about the challenges it has to face if they do not adapt the required changes in the market. The top management in the first phase will be made part of the process and strategic importance of the change will be introduced to them. In the second phase where the top management will already be convinced about the required change, the middle management will be taken into confidence, at this stage the vendors will also be made part of the process so that they are aware of their role in the organization. This stage will also be comprising the rough drafts of the change. In this process all the vendors and relevant departs will be encouraged to give their feedback about the suggested changes moreover their suggestion will also be noted for any improvement. All this discussion and delegation will create the sense of ownership in management and their feedback will make them realize that this is something for their own benefit and they will start owing it. Once the ownership is there, the barriers to change will start reducing it and fear of unknown will be removed. With this process the implementation of the strategic change will be made successful and finally the concerned departments will also be provided with the required training. Conclusion In this report I have discusses various kinds of supply chain strategies and use of information technology to improve the supply chain. The organization selected for the analysis was Nestle Pakistan, and their supply chain strategies were discussed briefly. The organization is having impressive supply chain management however they need to concentrate on two dimensions. One solution being the concentration on making the vendors partners of the organization. Second solution being increasing the use of information technology tools to manage their vendor relationships.