Battle of the Atlantic in World War II

Battle of the Atlantic in World War II The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between September 1939 and May 1945 throughout the entirety of  World War II. Commanding Officers Allies Admiral Sir Percy Noble, RNAdmiral Sir Max Horton, RNAdmiral Royal E. Ingersoll, USN Germany Grand Admiral Erich RaederGrand Admiral Karl Doenitz Background With the British and French entrance into World War II on September 3, 1939, the German Kriegsmarine moved to implement strategies similar to those used in World War I. Unable to challenge the Royal Navy in regard to capital ships, the Kriegsmarine began a campaign against Allied shipping with the goal of cutting off Britain from the supplies needed to wage war. Overseen by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, German naval forces sought to employ a mix of surface raiders and U-boats. Though he favored the surface fleet, which would come to include the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz, Raeder was challenged by his U-boat chief, then-Commodore Karl Doenitz, regarding the use of submarines. Initially ordered to seek out British warships, Doenitzs U-boats had early success sinking the old battleship HMS Royal Oak at Scapa Flow and the carrier HMS Courageous off Ireland. Despite these victories, he vigorously advocated for using groups of U-boats, known as wolf packs, to attack the Atlantic convoys that were resupplying Britain. Though the German surface raiders scored some early successes, they drew the attention of the Royal Navy who sought to destroy them or keep them in port. Engagements such as the Battle of the River Plate (1939) and the Battle of the Denmark Strait (1941) saw the British respond to this threat. The Happy Time With the fall of France in June 1940, Doenitz gained new bases on the Bay of Biscay from which his U-boats could operate. Spreading into the Atlantic, the U-boats began attacking British convoys in packs. These multi-ship groups were further directed by intelligence gleaned from the breaking of the  British Naval Cypher No.  3. Armed with the approximate location of an approaching convoy, the wolf pack would deploy in a long line across its anticipated path. When a U-boat sighted the convoy, it would radio its location and coordination of the attack would commence. Once all of the U-boats were in position, the wolf pack would strike. Typically conducted at night, these assaults could involve up to six U-boats and forced the convoy escorts to deal with multiple threats from several directions.    Through the remainder of 1940 and into 1941, the U-boats enjoyed tremendous success and inflicted heavy losses on Allied shipping. As a result, it became known as the Happy Time (Die Glà ¼ckliche Zeit) among the U-boat crews. Claiming over 270 Allied vessels during this period, U-boat commanders such as  Otto Kretschmer, Gà ¼nther Prien, and Joachim Schepke became celebrities in Germany. Key battles in the second half of 1940 included convoys HX 72, SC 7, HX 79, and HX 90. In the course of the fighting, these convoys lost 11 of 43, 20 of 35, 12 of 49, and 11 of 41 ships respectively. These efforts were supported by Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft which aided in finding Allied ships as well as attacking them. Converted from long-range Lufthansa airliners, these aircraft flew from bases in Bordeaux, France and Stavanger, Norway and penetrated deep into the North Sea and Atlantic. Capable of carrying a 2,000-pound bomb load, Condors typically would strike at low altitude in an attempt to bracket the target vessel with three bombs.  Focke-Wulf Fw 200 crews claimed to have sunk 331,122 tons of Allied shipping between June 1940 to February 1941. Though effective, the Condor was seldom available in more than limited numbers and the threat later posed by Allied escort carriers and other aircraft ultimately forced its withdrawal. Guarding the Convoys Though British destroyers and corvettes were equipped with ASDIC (sonar), the system was still unproven and was unable to maintain contact with a target during an attack. The Royal Navy was also hampered by a lack of suitable escort vessels. This was eased in September 1940, when fifty obsolete destroyers were obtained from the United States via the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. In the spring of 1941, as British anti-submarine training improved and additional escort vessels reached the fleet, losses began to lessen and the Royal Navy began sinking U-boats at an increasing rate. To counter improvements in British operations, Doenitz pushed his wolf packs further west forcing the Allies to provide escorts for the entire Atlantic crossing. While the Royal Canadian Navy covered convoys in the eastern Atlantic, it was aided by President Franklin Roosevelt who extended the Pan-American Security Zone nearly to Iceland. Though neutral, the United States provided escorts within this region. Despite these improvements, U-boats continued to operate at will in the central Atlantic outside the range of Allied aircraft. This air gap posed issues until more advanced maritime patrol aircraft arrived. Operation Drumbeat Other elements that aided in stemming Allied losses were the capture of a German Enigma code machine and the installation of new high-frequency direction-finding equipment for tracking U-boats. With the US entry into the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Doenitz dispatched U-boats to the American coast and Caribbean under the name Operation Drumbeat. Commencing operations in January 1942, the U-boats began enjoying a second happy time as they took advantage of unescorted American merchant ships as well as the US failure to implement a coastal black-out. As losses mounted, the U.S. implemented a convoy system in May 1942. With convoys operating on the American coast, Doenitz withdrew his U-boats back to the mid-Atlantic that summer. Through the fall, losses continued to mount on both sides as the escorts and U-boats clashed. In November 1942, Admiral Sir Max Horton became commander-in-chief of the Western Approaches Command. As additional escort vessels became available, he formed separate forces which were tasked with supporting the convoy escorts. As they were not tied to defending a convoy, these groups were able to specifically hunt U-boats. The Tide Turns In the winter and early spring of 1943, the convoy battles continued with increasing ferocity. As Allied shipping losses mounted, the supply situation in Britain began to reach critical levels. Though losing U-boats in March, the Germany strategy of sinking ships faster than the Allies could build them appeared to be succeeding. This ultimately proved to be a false dawn as the tide rapidly turned in April and May. Though Allied losses dropped in April, the campaign pivoted on the defense of convoy ONS 5. Attacked by 30 U-boats it lost thirteen ships in exchange for six of Doenitzs boats. Two weeks later, convoy SC 130 repelled German attacks and sunk five U-boats while taking no losses. The rapid turn in Allied fortunes was the result of the integration of several technologies which had become available in the preceding months. These included the Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar, continued advances in reading German radio traffic, enhanced radar, and the Leigh Light. The latter device allowed Allied aircraft to successfully attack surfaced U-boats at night. Other advances included the introduction of merchant aircraft carriers and long-range maritime variants of the B-24 Liberator. Combined with new escort carriers, these eliminated the air gap. Combined with wartime ship construction programs, such as Liberty ships, these rapidly gave the Allies the upper hand. Dubbed Black May by the Germans, May 1943 saw Doenitz lose 34 U-boats in the Atlantic in exchange for 34 Allied ships. Latter Stages of Battle Pulling back his forces during the summer, Doenitz worked to develop new tactics and equipment. These included the creation of U-flak boats with enhanced anti-aircraft defenses as well as a variety of countermeasures and new torpedoes. Returning to the offensive in September, the U-boats enjoyed a brief period of success before Allied forces again began causing heavy losses. As Allied air power grew in strength, U-boats came under attack in the Bay of Biscay as they left and returned to port. With his fleet being reduced, Doenitz turned to new U-boat designs including the revolutionary Type XXI. Designed to operate entirely submerged, the Type XXI was faster than any of its predecessors. Only four were completed by the end of the war. Aftermath The final actions of the Battle of the Atlantic took place on May 7-8, 1945, just before the German surrender.  In the course of the fighting, Allied losses totaled around 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships, as well as around 72,000 sailors killed. German casualties numbered 783 U-boats and around 30,000 sailors (75% of the U-boat force). One of the most important fronts of the war, success in the Atlantic was critical for the Allied cause. Citing its importance, Prime Minister Winston Churchill later stated: The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome...

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data

Congress Approval Ratings - Historic Job Approval Data The approval rating for Congress is abysmally low, and most Americans say they have almost zero faith it can solve our most important problems and view its leaders with severe contempt. But they  also keep re-electing the  same people to represent them in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives  year after year. How can that be? How can an institution be more unpopular than Satan, feel pressure from Americans to set term limits for themselves  yet see 90 percent of its incumbents be re-elected?   Are voters confused? Fickle? Or just unpredictable? And why are approval ratings for Congress so low? Congress Approval Ratings Its no secret that Americans loathe Congress the institution. A majority of voters routinely tell pollsters they dont believe most members of the House and Senate deserve to  be re-elected.  Americans have held the nations legislative branch in low regard for years now, the public-opinion firm Gallup wrote in 2013.   In early 2014, the  portion of people who said the nations lawmakers should win re-election sunk to a low of 17 percent in Gallups survey.  The low approval rating  followed congressional inaction over spending limits and an inability to reach compromise on a number of issues or avoid the government shutdown of 2013. Gallups historical average of Americans supporting re-election for members of Congress is  39 percent.   And yet: Members of Congress have no trouble getting re-elected. Incumbents Are Safe Despite Congress historically abysmal approval ratings, well over 90 percent of House and Senate members who seek re-election win their races on average, according to data published from the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Few things in life are more predictable than the chances of an incumbent member of the U.S. House of Representatives winning reelection, writes the Center for Responsive Politics.  With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats. The same goes for members of the Senate. Why Our Lawmakers Keep Getting Re-Elected There are several reasons lawmakers keep getting re-elected aside from their name recognition and typically well funded campaign coffers. One of the reasons is that its easier to dislike an institution than it is a person, especially when that person is one of your neighbors. Americans can loathe the inability of the House and Senate to reach agreement on things like the national debt. But they find it more difficult to hold their lawmaker solely responsible. The popular sentiment seems to be, as The Washington Posts Chris Cillizza  once put it,  Throw the bums out. But not my bum. Times Are Changing That sentiment - Congress stinks but my representative is OK - seems to be fading, however. Pollsters at Gallup found in early 2014, for example, that a record-low portion of voters, 46 percent, said their own representative deserved re-election. The enduring unpopularity of Congress appears to have seeped into the nations 435 congressional districts, Gallup wrote. While Congress as an institution is no stranger to voter disenchantment, American voters are usually more charitable in their assessments of their own representatives in the national legislature. But even this has fallen to a new trough. Congress Approval Ratings Through History Heres a look at the Gallups organizations numbers by year. The approval ratings shown here are from the public opinion surveys conducted the latest in each year listed. 2016: 18%2015: 13%2014: 16%2013: 12%2012: 18%2011: 11%2010: 13%2009: 25%2008: 20%2007: 22%2006: 21%2005: 29%2004: 41%2003: 43%2002: 50%2001: 72%2000: 56%1999: 37%1998: 42%1997: 39%1996: 34%1995: 30%1994: 23%1993: 24%1992: 18%1991: 40%1990: 26%1989: Not Available1988: 42%1987: 42%1986:  42%1985:  Not Available1984:  Not Available1983: 33%1982: 29%1981: 38%1980: 25%1979: 19%1978: 29%1977: 35%1976: 24%1975: 28%1974: 35%

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing Essay

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing - Essay Example In order to meet consumer requirements and behavior, marketing research is conducted. Marketing Research helps to identify an appropriate marketing mix. Marketing Mix is actually the right combination of product, price, place, and promotion. Such research may either be formal or informal. Behavior that influences a consumer to prefer one brand over another is known as Consumer Behavior. It is all about the choices and preferences of a final consumer. McGraw-Hill/Irwin defined Consumer Behavior as The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Marketers use this knowledge to product design and price determination. Before making a purchase, consumers go through five stages of decision-making process such as; need recognition and problem awareness, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. First of all, the consumer recognizes his need. For example, a need for water in thirst. Then a consumer finds out the options available to meet his deprivation.

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime Dissertation

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime - Dissertation Example Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Evidence and Evaluation 8 Conclusion 14 References 18 Introduction Digital convergence and globalization in the rising knowledge society has increased the complex legal, ethical and societal issues. Now the society is facing difficult and complex questions related to the access to information, right to privacy, cultural diversity and intellectual property rights. For the gathering of information and knowledge, the instrument that is required by all human beings is ICT, and security in this regard should be guaranteed to them as their basic right. However, throughout the world, the rights of humans are violated one way or the other. Violation of these rights has created new problems in the human social system like cybercrime, digital divide, digital security and privacy concerns for all of them. Round the globe, all of this ha s affected the lives of the people directly or indirectly (Sembok, 2003). The computer-related crime such as fraud and forgery is increasing throughout the globe. Other than this, content related offenses like child pornography and violation of intellectual property rights are also emerging rapidly on the scene. Moreover, threats to the critical infrastructure and national interests are rising by using internet for criminal and terrorist activities (Cevidalli, 2010). In the countries where internet is widely used, the harm to businesses, governments, and individuals is gaining scope. However, in other countries, the cybercrime threats are rising on the applications of communication and information technology for healthcare, trade, banking and government services. As a result, the users have started losing the confidence in online transactions and business (Sembok, 2003). Globally, computer-based commerce and communications cut across the territorial boundaries, and create a new real m of human activities, undermining the legitimacy and feasibility of applying geographical boundary laws. The upcoming boundaries in the computer-based world are monitor screen, passwords, firewalls, intruder detection and virus busters. These have created new personalities, organizations, groups and other new forms of economic, social and political groupings in the virtual world of bits (Sembok, 2003). In this paper, we will discuss the types of cyber crimes and the upcoming frauds that are done by them. Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. The paper discusses the effects of cyber crimes on the citizens, businesses, government, and the relevant interventions to deal with it. Literature Review Information technology is influencing life all over the world. The developments in the computer skills have made the transition possible in information storage, dissemination, and processing from atoms to bits. Because of t his the new standards of efficiency, speed, and accuracy in human activities is emerging.  

The Enthalpies of Combustion Essay Example for Free

The Enthalpies of Combustion Essay Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the energy change that occurs when 1 mol of fuel is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. However, it is impossible for substances to be burnt under standard conditions. The enthalpies of combustion are different depending on the number of carbons and hydrogens in each substance. For example, the enthalpy combustion for methane is -890 kJ mol-1, however the enthalpy change of combustion for ethane or propane will be greater because more bonds are involved and therefore more bonds are broken and made. All combustion reactions are exothermic because energy is given out to make bonds. Figure 1: Exothermic reaction Before you start doing calculations for enthalpy change of combustion you firstly need to balance the equation. For example: Methane CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2H2O (g) + CO2 (g) Also it is important to note when making a combustion reaction balanced equation that the state symbols for all the substances are gaseous even water. Moreover, it is only in a combustion reaction that you use halves in an oxygen molecule. An example for octane is: C8H12 (g) + 12.5O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (g) Method for the enthalpy of combustion for various alcohols 1. Set up a tri pod and place tiles around it. 2. Fill up a metal calorimeter with 200 cm3 of water and place on the tri pod. Also, place a thermometer on the container. 3. Record the reading on the thermometer of the temperature of the water. 4. Weigh the spirit burner containing the alcohol you are going to use and again record the reading. 5. Place the spirit burner containing the alcohol under the tri pod and quickly as possible take the lid off and light a match on it. 6. Wait till you will see a 15 degree increase on the thermometer. 7. When you see a 15 degrees increase, place the lid back on the alcohol and stir the water well with the thermometer until you see there is no change in temperature. 8. Weigh the alcohol and record the reading. Also record the reading of the temperature after it has increased. 9. Repeat steps 1-8 for all different alcohols. Results obtained from experiment Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Enthalpy change of combustion (kJmol-1) 379.80 1071.23 1332.62 1715.82 2110.04 Enthalpy change of combustion = (1/moles of alcohol burned) x enthalpy released during the ex. True results of alcohols that should be obtained Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Enthalpy change of combustion (kJmol-1) -890.30 1559.70 2219.70 2876.50 3509.10 From the results I obtained I can make a conclusion that the results were not very close to the true, this is because the experiment could not done under standard conditions like the other and therefore because of that some heat was lost to the surrounding. While I was carrying the experiment I realised that a black substance began to form underneath the colorimeter (container where the water was put in and heated up) which was carbon, meaning there was incomplete combustion. This therefore effected the results I obtained because the combustion experiment was not complete. Evaluation Experimental errors In any experiment, errors are made which are unavoidable. We can work out the errors of the equipments that were used in the experiment to find out which has the most effect. It is then best to convert these errors in to percentages because it is easier to see which has the most effect on your results and which has the least percentage error. Percentage error = error / reading x 100. A balance has a precision error of 0.005. Next I will turn it to a percentage error. The balance was used to weigh the spirit burners of the 5 alcohols before using it in the experiment and after it was used to heat the water up. Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Initial mass of spirit burner / g 198.56 188.80 180.66 212.75 189.62 Percentage error/ % 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 Methanol Ethanol propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Final mass of spirit burner / g 197.41 188.16 180.09 212.08 189.08 Percentage error / % 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 Looking at the results above for the percentage errors, I can conclude that the balance did not effect the results I obtained as it gave me a small percentage error that was less than 1%. This ensures me that the measurements of the spirit burners that I obtained using the weighing balance where very accurate. Procedural errors * A thermometer was placed on the colorimeter and when reached to 500c and recorded the highest temperature by siring until there was no increase in temperature. * Keep lid on spirit burner to endure the alcohol did not evaporate to obtain a accurate measurement of the mass of alcohol combusted. * Draft exclusion made using insulating tiles. This is so less heat and temperate near the spirit burner that is lighted is relatively kept constant and not effected by air coming from window or heat from radiator.

Anylasis of Humbert :: essays research papers

Humbert Humbert   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humbert Humbert in the book Lolita is the type of person who will do anything to satisfy his needs. When Humbert is institutionalized in an insane asylum he toys with the doctors. Once he got to a certain age Humbert felt like he needed to get married to suppress his sexual desires, so he did. Later on Humbert realizes the only way he can be with Lolita is by marrying her mother, Charlotte. After Hubert loses his control on Lolita he gets the need to get revenge on the person who has taken Lolita from him. A person can grow up into being a very needy person or someone who always needs to be in control by how they are raised and their surroundings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second instance of Humbert goes into a mental asylum he manipulates the doctors making them believe false diagnoses. He gets a certain joy from tricking the doctors. Humbert describes the joy: â€Å"I discovered there was an endless source of robust enjoyment in trifling with psychiatrists: cunningly leading them on; never letting them see that you know all the tricks of the trade, inventing for them elaborate dreams†¦ teasing them with fake primal scenes†¦ (Nabokov 34) He goes to certain extremes to satisfy his wants. Humbert goes as far as bribing a nurse so he can see that the doctors were misdiagnosing him. This back and forth with the doctors was nothing more than a game for Humber. This type of control was making him really happy so he decided to stay even longer than he needed to at the insane asylum. â€Å"The sport was so excellent, in results in my case so ruddy that I stayed on for a whole month after I was quite well. And then I added another week just for the pleasure of taking on a powerful newcomer.† (Nabokov 34)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once he became a young adult Humbert knew that he needed to repress his sexual desires for young nymphets so he married Valeria. When he married Valeria, she was a very young looking polish girl. This way he was able to be with someone that reminded him of nymphets and still able to have a certain sense of security. â€Å"†¦what really attracted me to Valeria was the imitation she gave of a little girl.† (Nabokov 25) Humbert didn’t really love her he was just using her for her young looks.

A synthesis and discussion of Robert T. Jimenez’s article “A delicate balance”

The challenge for every ESL class teacher is to build literacy, develop written expression ability and enhancing English language of students. The article describes effective reading instruction for ESL students based on observations conducted in various classrooms over a period of two years.The approach to the observation and the framework for analysis were based on (a) the research on second language learning and bilingual education, (b) the contemporary research base on effective literacy instruction, and (c) general principles of effective instruction for low-income students.The researchers integrated these three knowledge bases with what they observed in the classrooms and the result is a framework of constructs for effective instruction for language minority students. This construct consists of the following: challenge, involvement, involvement, success, scaffolding/cognitive strategies, mediation/feedback, collaborative/cooperative learning, techniques for second language acqu isition/sheltered English, and respect for cultural diversity.These constructs, according to the researchers, are useful when considering practices and strategies in teaching and promoting literacy among ESL students. For instance, knowledge on scaffolding when introducing new vocabulary to ESL students would increase retention and subsequent use of these new words.Instead of simply defining a word, the teacher could use several of the techniques mentioned in the article like focusing students’ attention on character clues and using these clues not just in understanding the new word but comprehension of the text, too. The variety would make vocabulary learning an enjoyable experience for students.Another example by which the research could be applied and make a difference in real-life teaching is the idea that the teacher should try to incorporate all areas of literacy instruction while using one text lesson. The article indicates that the teacher should crisscross the instru ctional landscape in a wide range of oral and written activities. This would ensure that students not only thoroughly practice their language and literacy skills, but keeping the focus on one text would increase the chance of retention.

Rang de Basanti Notes

* Rang de Basanti * â€Å"You Pakistani† scene. Police bribed. Extreme nationalism – no western music, dancing, etc. * Mother figure, mother India * Around 30 mins, say what is there to be patriotic about? Corrpution, population, etc. But fighter pilot says no country is perfect, I’m still willing to give my life for my country. * Karan – college kid, pressure from father. Every second someone is born in this country, no one cares about them. Neither government nor God. Do something or else you will be one of them. â€Å"SMS generation† * Don’t take film seriously at first, make fun of the language.Different times, say they can’t relate. * Aslam – Muslim, with Hindu friends. Family portrayed as violent, hating Hindus because Muslims are not accepted in India. * Sue is disappointed that India is not the romantic country she thought it was? * They had found new heroes, and we had no one to blame but ourselves. We were hearing the echoes of our own guns. Scene of the Amritsar massacre. Men, women, children fired upon by Dyer’s armyas they tried to escape, women with babies jumping in wells. Boys say we are like ants, taking everything lying down/not reacting.Mom says this generation lacks will to do anything – someone part of the massacre went all the way to London to kill Dyer. Punjab families send at least one son to army, sacrifice runs in blood – militant portrayal of Punjabs? * Friends scene – saying maybe Ashfaq should go to Afghanistan, he will be safe with â€Å"his own†. Friend asks why am I not one of your own? First friend asks for forgiveness, it is as much your country as it is mine. * Not terrorists, revolutionaries. Tortured, but did not break. McKinley had a problem with the torture, Bismil said it is not your fault – you are just doing your duty. Went to Ashfaq, said Bismil will create a country for Hindus. He said no, this is for the freedom on Hindu stan, but you wouldn’t understand because you’ve been a slave to that kind of thought for so long. * Did revolutionaries give their lives for nothing? One leg in future, one leg in past. Why don’t you do something to change it? Difference is how you go to the grave. * A woman’s place is at her husband’s feet – laughed at. * Drastic measures. Takes a loud noise to open deaf ears. Hunger strikes in prison. * He got his 21 gun salute at his funeral.But was it in vain? Died with his country’s flag. Saved many lives by not crashing it into the city. Corruption scandal. * Laxman’s realization might mirror what young nationalists found at that time? Saw leader of his movement doing nothing, when they supposedly fought for India. Innocent people were getting hurt aran has finally found his cause. â€Å"waking up† * Colonial legacies – left one behind for another? Cycle. * Class struggles – Sukhi says Karan’s father will just bail him out. Accuses him of knowing that his father was corrupt. * Moral superiority.Bond over common cause, all rivals/problems are overcome * Change from within * Divisive/polarizing figure – some say don’t take the law into your own hands, others praise as the right thing to do when politicians control the law * Revolutionary vs. terrorists * Why didn’t the boys join politics, army, police, etc. to change the way that Ajay said to? * 1: people who go to their grave screaming. 2: people who die without a sound. Third kind of people he came across as being the ones who embraced death as a friend and an equal, with a heartfelt laughter

10 high-paying trucking jobs hiring right now

10 high-paying trucking jobs hiring right now Do you yearn to spend your days on the open road with nothing but your thoughts and the roar of the engine? Then you must be a born trucker. However, deciding to become a pro trucker is just the first set in the decision-making process. Now you have to decide what kind of trucker to be. After all, you’ll want to make sure you land in the right spot in this surprisingly complex industry so that you can maximize your earning potential and your job satisfaction. Here’s a list of some of the highest-paying trucking jobs out there right now.1. Tanker HaulerTanker trucks are those big machines that haul liquid such as water or gasoline. You’ll need to get your CDL endorsed to do this particular job, which can be both difficult and dangerous since liquid cargo can be unstable. However, it is one of the highest paying trucking jobs- fuel tanker drivers earn as much as $70,000 per year. Consider the extra training and certification as an investment in your career.2. Hazma t DiverLike tanker hauling, hauling hazardous materials is another way to up your game. Get your CDL endorsed for this skill and you can widely increase the number of tanker hauls you’re eligible to do. Endorsing your CDL means you have access to a specialized (and lucrative) category of jobs. Hazmat drivers are also guaranteed a minimum of $1,000 a week after a year of experience according to RoadMaster.com.3. Oversized Load HaulerYou need a special license and special training to haul extra large loads such as heavy machinery, but, again, driving wide or oversized loads will mean you’ll be paid more. According to WideLoadShipping.com, oversized load truckers earn between $53,125 and $90,000 on average. You might even earn six figures if you’re willing to sacrifice some home time and work extra hard.4. Ice Road TruckerWhen it comes to trucking, no one earns more than ice road truckers. These are the brave souls who deliver their loads over pure ice. It’s an extremely dangerous career, but it is also extremely well paid- AOL Jobs reports that some ice road truckers earn up to $250,000 for just two months of icy-season work.5. Transport DriverHauling junked cars, specialty vehicles, or luxury cars will earn you more than the standard cargo. Transport drivers earn about $53,000 a year on average.6. Team DriverTeam drivers hook up with others to go twice as far, twice as fast. You won’t get a lot of breaks outside of the truck in this field, but you will make amazing time- and money. The average team truck driver makes $50,000 per year.7. OTR DriverSpecialize in long hauls from coast to coast and you’ll be sure to earn a good living. OTR, or â€Å"Over the Road,† drivers do daunting work and must be 21 or older to score gigs, but at a starting annual salary of $40-45,000 per year according to RoadMaster.com, the pay is great.8. InstructorNot every job in the trucking industry involves actual trucking. Instructors t each others how to do this specialized work while still being able to go home every night. They earn between $22,500 and $51,800 a year according to PayScale.com.9. RecruiterIf you’d rather just get paid to send other guys out on the road, you should consider becoming a recruiter. According to GlassDoor.com, the national average salary is a very enticing $50,000 a year for this comparatively low-effort career.10. Owner/OperatorWould you rather be your own boss? Well, owning a trucking company may sound like a great job, though there are numerous expenses to consider. Nevertheless, you’re still likely to end up earning a lot more than the drivers who actually have to lug their loads across the country. Indeed.com estimates that the average owner/operator makes an average annual salary of $141,000. That’s not bad for playing with trucks!

Sea Sponges Facts

Sea Sponges Facts When you look at a sponge, the word animal  might not be the first that comes to mind, but sea sponges are animals. There are over 6,000 species of sponges; most live in the marine environment, although there are also freshwater sponges. Natural sponges have been used by humans to clean and bathe with for at least 3,000 years. Sponges are classified in the phylum Porifera. The word Porifera  comes from the Latin words porus (pore) and ferre (bear), meaning pore-bearer. This is a reference to the numerous pores or holes on a sponges surface. It is through these pores that the sponge draws in water from which it feeds. Fast Facts: Sponges Scientific Name: PoriferaCommon Name: SpongeBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Various species range from under a half inch to 11 feet in lengthWeight: Up to approximately 20 poundsLifespan: Up to 2,300 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Oceans and freshwater lakes the world overPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: One species is classified Least Concern; most are Not Evaluated. Description Sponges come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Some, like the liver sponge, look like a low-lying crust on a rock, while others can be taller than humans. Some sponges are in the form of encrustations or masses, some are branched, and some look like tall vases. Sponges are relatively simple multi-celled animals. They do not have tissues or organs like some animals do; rather, they have specialized cells to perform necessary functions. These cells each have a job. Some are in charge of digestion, some reproduction, some bringing in water so the sponge can filter feed, and some are used for getting rid of wastes. The skeleton of a sponge is formed from spicules which are made of silica (a glass-like material) or calcareous (calcium or calcium carbonate) materials, and spongin, a protein that supports the spicules. Sponge species may be most readily identified by examining their spicules under a microscope. Sponges do not have a nervous system, so they dont move when touched.   Placebo365/Getty Images   Species There are an enormous number of species in the phylum Porifera, broken into five classes: Calcarea (Calcareous sponges)Demospongiae (Horny sponges)Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)Homoscleromorpha (Includes about 100 species of encrusting sponges)Porifera incertae sedis (Sponges whose classification has not yet been defined) There are over 6,000 formally described sponge species, measuring from under a half inch to 11 feet. The largest sponge discovered to date was found in Hawaii in 2015, and has not yet been named. Habitat and Distribution Sponges are found on the ocean floor or attached to substrates such as rocks, coral, shells, and marine organisms. Sponges range in habitat from shallow intertidal areas and coral reefs to the deep sea. They are found in oceans and freshwater lakes throughout the world. Diet and Behavior Most sponges feed on bacteria and organic matter by drawing water in through pores called ostia (singular: ostium), which are openings through which water enters the body. Lining the channels in these pores are collar cells. The collars of these cells surround a hair-like structure called a flagellum. The flagella beat to create water currents. Most sponges also feed on small organisms that come in with the water. There are also a few species of carnivorous sponges that feed by using their spicules to capture prey such as small crustaceans. Water and wastes are circulated out of the body by pores called oscula (singular: osculum). Reproduction and Offspring Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs through the production of egg and sperm. In some species, these gametes are from the same individual; in others, separate individuals produce eggs and sperm. Fertilization occurs when the gametes are brought into the sponge by currents of water. A larva is formed, and it settles on a substrate where it becomes attached to the rest of its life. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding, which happens when a part of a sponge is broken off, or one of its branch tips is constricted, and then this small piece grows into a new sponge. They may also reproduce asexually by producing packets of cells called gemmules. Threats In general, sponges arent very tasty to most other marine animals. They can contain toxins, and their spicule structure probably doesnt make them very comfortable to digest. Two organisms that eat sponges though are hawksbill sea turtles and nudibranchs. Some nudibranchs will even absorb a sponges toxin while it eats it and then uses the toxin in its own defense. Most of the sponges have been evaluated by the IUCN, as Least Concern. RainervonBrandis/Getty Images Sponges and Humans The modern plastic sponge in our kitchens and bathrooms are named after natural sponges, living animals which were harvested and widely used as long ago as the 8th century BCE as implements for bathing and cleaning, as well as in medical practices such as assisting in healing and to cool or warm or comfort a body part. Ancient Greek writers such as Aristotle (384–332 BCE) suggested the best sponge for such tasks was one that is compressible and squeezable but not sticky, and holds great quantities of water in its canals and expels it out when compressed.   You can still buy natural sponges in health food stores or on the Internet. Artificial sponges were not invented until the 1940s, and long before that, commercial sponge harvesting industries developed in many areas, including Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida. Sources Brusca Richard C. and Gary J. Brusca. Phylum Porifera: the sponges. Invertebrates. Cambridge, MA: Sinauer Press, 2003. 181–210.Castro, Fernando, et al. Agalychnis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55843A11379402, 2004.  Ã‚  Coulombe, Deborah A. The Seaside Naturalist. New York: Simon Schuster, 1984.Denoble, Peter. The Story of Sponge Divers. Alert Diver Online, 2011.Hendrikse, Sandra and Andrà ©Ã‚  Merks, A. Sponge Fishing in Key West and Tarpon Springs, American Sponge Diver, 2003Martinez, Andrew J. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. New York: Aqua Quest Publications, Inc., 2003.UCMP. Porifera: Life History and Ecology. University of California Museum of Paleontology.Wagner, Daniel, and Christopher D. Kelley. The Largest Sponge in the World? Marine Biodiversity 47.2 (2017): 367–68.  Voultsiadou, Eleni. Sponges: An Historical Survey of Their Knowledge in Greek Antiquity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87.6 (2007): 1757 –63. Print.

Toys and gender role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toys and gender role - Essay Example All of the items designated for girls are grouped together, all of the items for boys can be found in the same location, and items that are considered unisex, such as bicycles, sporting equipment and boardgames, can be located usually in the back of the store or in an aisle that runs perpendicular to the others. These gender-designated aisles often stick out from one another due to the colors of the packages that the toys are in. Girls’ toys are dominantly packaged in pink, though purple is also seen quite often. These aisles appear soft in color and more sweet and appealing to little girls. Boys’ toys are usually packed in blue, with red being the second most-seen color. The boys’ aisles are more loud and solid, easily catching the attention of the young male population. The colors of the packages seem to speak for themselves in regard to what little girls and boys are assumed to be. The pink would suggest that girls are more delicate and innocent, while the blu e reveals that boys are more tough. There is definitely a contrast of femininity and masculinity between how the toys are packaged based on gender. Furthermore, the color pink has long since been determined to be the color for females, while blue has been determined the color for males. Pink tends to be the dominating color for most things for girls, including clothes, school supplies, and their toys, just as blue is the dominating color for most of the things that boys would use.

Fieldwork observation report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fieldwork observation report - Assignment Example In order to ensure that the learners grasp the knowledge the teacher asked both oral and written questions some were simple while others were a bit complex. As a professional the teacher was very kin on the way he was handling the pupil’s answers. Whenever a pupil gave the correct answer, he would personally appreciate him and request the pupils in helping him to do so by applauding. However what pleased most is that the teacher did not refute wrong answers whenever the student gave a wrong answer, the teacher would commend the attempt made and encourage the pupils to make the necessary improvement then proceed to ask another pupil to correctly solve the sum or do it by himself. In conclusion this was a very interactive class. A part from giving all students equal treatment, the teacher effectively used verbal and non verbal communication skills to teach. At the same time he carefully handled the pupils’ answers in the best manner he could. This was quite